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Contact: BGTD Regulatory Affairs Division
August 13, 2008
Our file number: 08-108225-127
Health Canada has adopted the International Conference on Harmonization (ICH) guideline Definitions for Genomic Biomarkers, Pharmacogenomics, Pharmacogenetics, Genomic Data and Sample Coding Categories, ICH Topic E15. The ICH guideline is available on the Health Canada website.
The Health Canada guidance document Submission of Pharmacogenomic Information has been revised to incorporate the ICH definition of pharmacogenomics and to further clarify where and when to submit applications for investigational testing for pharmacogenomic tests.
Comments or questions related to this guidance document may be directed to:
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Également disponible en français sous le titre: Présentation de l'information pharmacogénomique
Guidance documents are meant to provide assistance to industry and health care professionals on how to comply with governing statutes and regulations. Guidance documents also provide assistance to staff on how Health Canada mandates and objectives should be implemented in a manner that is fair, consistent and effective.
Guidance documents are administrative instruments not having force of law and, as such, allow for flexibility in approach. Alternate approaches to the principles and practices described in this document may be acceptable provided they are supported by adequate justification. Alternate approaches should be discussed in advance with the relevant program area to avoid the possible finding that applicable statutory or regulatory requirements have not been met.
As a corollary to the above, it is equally important to note that Health Canada reserves the right to request information or material, or define conditions not specifically described in this document, in order to allow the Department to adequately assess the safety, efficacy or quality of a therapeutic product. Health Canada is committed to ensuring that such requests are justifiable and that decisions are clearly documented.
This document should be read in conjunction with the accompanying notice and the relevant sections of other applicable guidance documents.
File Number: 08-108225-127
Replaces: 07-103797-737
Date: May 23, 2008
File name: pharmaco_2008.pdf
Replaces: pharmaco_guid_ld_2007-02.pdf
Date: February 14, 2007
Section: Abbreviations and definitions
Change: Pharmacogenomics definition replaced with the ICH definition
Section: Clinical trial applications involving pharmacogenomic testing
Change: Text added to clarify where and when investigational testing applications should be submitted.
Health Canada, the federal regulatory authority that evaluates the safety, efficacy, and quality of health products available in Canada, recognizes that the application of pharmacogenomics (PGx) is increasingly becoming an integral part of the drug discovery and development processes. This document is intended to provide guidance to sponsors on how and when to submit PGx information to Health Canada.
This guidance document applies to sponsors intending to submit PGx information to Health Canada, either in support of an application or submission for a drug, biologic drug, or medical device intended for human use, or as part of ongoing post-market activities.
In this guidance document, "shall" is used to express a requirement, i.e., a provision that the user is obliged to satisfy in order to comply with the regulatory requirements; "should" is used to express a recommendation or that which is advised but not required; and "may" is used to express an option or that which is permissible within the limits of the guidance document.
Health Canada encourages the application of PGx to the drug development process and recognizes that some testing and data collection will be for exploratory research purposes.
When clinical trial sponsors intend to collect samples for exploratory PGx testing outside the scope of a main clinical trial, informed consent should be obtained separately from that of the main trial. This will enable subjects to decline consent to the collection of samples for research use without prejudicing their participation in the main trial.
PGx tests that are licenced for sale in Canada or authorized by Health Canada for investigational testing are required if the test results are to be used for diagnostic purposes, patient management, or are to be submitted to Health Canada in support of a clinical trial application or drug submission.
Health Canada does not request sponsors to submit 'voluntary genomic data submissions' as done by other jurisdictions, such as the United States Food and Drug Administration and the European Medicines Agency. Sponsors are encouraged to request pre-submission consultation meetings prior to filing PGx applications or submissions.
Adverse Drug Reaction:
A noxious and unintended response to a drug, which occurs at doses normally used or tested for the diagnosis, treatment or prevention of a disease or the modification of an organic function. [C.01.001]
Biologic Drug:
A drug listed in Schedule D to the Food and Drugs Act that is in dosage form, or a drug that is a bulk process intermediate that can be used in the preparation of a drug listed in Schedule D to the Act. [C.04.001]
Schedule D includes names of individual products (such as "insulin"), product classes (such as "immunizing agents"), references to particular sources (such as "drugs, other than antibiotics, prepared from microorganisms") and methodology (such as "drugs obtained by recombinant DNA procedures"). Drugs or biological preparations similar to those listed in Schedule D for which there are special safety, efficacy and quality concerns, are treated as biologics for regulatory purposes.
Device:
Any article, instrument, apparatus or contrivance, including any component, part or accessory thereof, manufactured, sold or represented for use in:
Drug:
Any substance or mixture of substances manufactured, sold or represented for use in:
In Vitro Diagnostic Device:
A medical device that is intended to be used in vitro for the examination of specimens taken from the body. [Section 1 of the Medical Devices Regulations]
Medical Device:
A device within the meaning of the Act, but does not include any device that is intended for use in relation to animals [Section 1 of the Medical Devices Regulations]
PharmacogenomicsFootnote 1:
Pharmacogenomics (PGx) is defined as the study of variations of DNA and RNA characteristics as related to drug response.
Pharmacogenomic Test:
A test intended to identify inter-individual variations in whole-genomes or candidate genes, single-nucleotide polymorphisms, haplotype markers, or alterations in gene expression that may be correlated with pharmacological function and therapeutic response.
Single Nucleotide PolymorphismFootnote 2:
A chromosomal locus at which a single base variation exists stably within populations (typically defined as each variant form being present in at least 1-2% of individuals).
There is a growing understanding of how genes and genetic variation contribute to drug responses, including non-response and toxicity. This understanding, coupled with the sequencing of the human genome and corresponding potential for understanding gene function/interaction, offer new opportunities for drug development and health care.
Many sponsors are considering integrating PGx into the drug discovery and development processes, and there are increasing efforts by regulators to determine the most appropriate means of using PGx information within the context of pre-market and post-market drug evaluation and regulatory decision-making.
PGx is a rapidly evolving field of research, and as such, it will take a concerted effort between sponsors and regulators to harness the benefits that it has to offer.
PGx may have utility in areas such as:
Testing in clinical trials, including PGx testing should be done without compromising the well-being of patients. When a drug is studied in one geographical area and/or specific subgroup(s), the intrinsic (e.g. PGx) and extrinsic (e.g. diet) factors that could impact on the extrapolation of data to other geographical area(s) and/or specific subgroup(s) should be considered. Hence a study that stratifies or excludes patients on the basis of PGx should be examined in the context of the study and not extrapolated further. Special attention may be required when applying PGx due to one or more of the following: the nature of the subgroup involved, the probabilistic rather than definitive nature of PGx information, the interpretation and validation of the tests used, the variable phenotypic expression of genotype, the variation in haplotypes among different populations, the complexity of multiple genetic expressions, environmental factors which may affect expression of genomic characteristics, re-evaluation of existing therapies in the PGx context, re-labelling of currently marketed drugs, and education.
In Canada, pharmaceutical drugs are regulated by the Therapeutic Products Directorate (TPD) and biologic drugs are regulated by the Biologics and Genetic Therapies Directorate (BGTD) in accordance with the Food and Drugs Act and the Food and Drug Regulations. In vitro diagnostic devices (IVDD) are regulated by TPD's Medical Devices Bureau (MDB) in accordance with the Food and Drugs Act and the Medical Devices Regulations. This section provides guidance to sponsors on how the Food and Drugs Act and its associated regulations apply to the submission of PGx information to Health Canada.
Clinical trials involving PGx testing are subject to Part C, Division 5 of the Food and Drug Regulations which outlines the requirements applicable to the sale and importation of drugs for use in human clinical trials in Canada. CTAs should be submitted in accordance with Health Canada's Guidance for Clinical Trial Sponsors: Clinical Trial Applications and the Clinical Trials Manual.
In accordance with C.05.005 (e), sponsors are required to submit PGx data that pertain to the pharmacological or pharmacodynamic aspects, pharmacokinetics, and toxicological effects of the drug if the PGx data is relevant to, or supports the use of the investigational product in the proposed clinical trial.
Any PGx results from clinical pharmacokinetic studies of the drug as well as any information regarding drug safety, pharmacodynamics, efficacy and dose responses of the drug that were obtained from previous clinical trials in humans shall be submitted as part of the CTA in accordance with C.05.005 (e) if the results support the safety and/or efficacy of the drug for which the application is being filed.
If PGx data are being used by the sponsor to support the design of the proposed clinical trial or animal study, to justify testing in humans, or to support the proposed indication(s)/labelling of the drug, it shall be submitted as part of the CTA.
As per C.05.009, Health Canada reserves the right to request any additional information that is required to assess the safety and risks of the drug intended for use in the proposed clinical trial, and which could include PGx information. Additional information would be requested in accordance with Health Canada's Management of Drug Submissions Guidance Document.
At the clinical trial stage, PGx testing used for diagnostic purposes or patient management can be achieved in two ways:
To obtain authorization, sponsors should refer to Part 3 of the Medical Devices Regulations and use the guidance document, Preparation of an Application for Investigational Testing - In Vitro Diagnostic Devices (IVDD) to guide the preparation of documents to be submitted to MDB. Manufacturers/device sponsors are encouraged to apply for the investigational testing authorization prior to submitting a CTA. The investigational testing authorization shall be obtained and the CTA shall be authorized prior to using the medical device or initiating the proposed clinical trial.
It is especially important that the analytical validity of a PGx test be established if the test is used to determine subject eligibility, select the dose, assess safety or efficacy of a drug, or otherwise used to manage the health and safety of subjects enrolled in a clinical trial. Once a sponsor has established the analytical validity of the test, its clinical validity and utility can be investigated in a clinical trial only after obtaining an authorization for investigational testing. Every study based on PGx data should provide evidence that the performance characteristics of the test used were validated.
CTAs that involve the use of an investigational IVDD with a pharmaceutical or biologic drug should be submitted, respectively, to the Office of Clinical Trials within TPD or the Regulatory Affairs Division within BGTD. When filing a CTA, the sponsor should indicate in the covering letter that the proposed study involves the use of an investigational medical device, and include the name and/or description of the investigational IVDD being used and the date that an application for investigational testing was filed or granted by MDB (if available at time of filing). If authorization of the investigational IVDD is not yet available at the time the CTA is filed, the sponsor should indicate on the covering letter for the CTA that authorization will be obtained for the IVDD prior to initiating the clinical trial in accordance with the Medical Devices Regulations.
Health Canada recognizes that PGx testing is often conducted for exploratory research purposesFootnote 4. Authorization is not required for such PGx testing :
Sponsors should refer to the Health Canada document, Guidance for the Risk Based Classification System of In Vitro Diagnostic Devices to determine when the PGx test is subject to the Medical Devices Regulations. Sponsors are encouraged to consult with the MDB if further clarification is required.
As set out in Division 5 of the Food and Drug Regulations and in the Good Clinical Practice Guidelines, written informed consent, given in accordance with the applicable laws governing consent, shall be obtained from every person prior to their participation in a clinical trial. Sponsors should refer to the document titled: Good Clinical Practice: Consolidated Guideline, ICH Topic E6 for further guidance on informed consent of trial subjects.
As PGx is an emerging field, Health Canada recognizes that there are several scenarios under which samples for PGx testing may be collected. These may include, but are not limited to:
The informed consent documentation for clinical trials involving the use of PGx testing should specify that PGx testing will be conducted and the research aim, the sample and data coding strategy, and the storage, destruction, and security measures used around sample and data preservation. Constraints and conditions and any other general guidelines set by each local Research Ethics Boards shall be respected, in addition to any applicable Federal and/or Provincial legislation.
Part C, Division 8 of the Food and Drug Regulations defines the requirements for the sale of new drugs in Canada and prohibits the sale of new drugs unless the manufacturer has filed a submission that is satisfactory to the Minister. Sections C.08.002., C.08.002.1, and C.08.003 outline the requirements for submission of a New Drug Submission (NDS), Abbreviated NDS (ANDS), and Supplemental New Drug Submission (SNDS) respectively. Submissions should be filed in accordance with the Health Canada guidance document, Preparation of New Drug Submissions in the CTD Format.
In order to comply with the above-mentioned sections, sponsors shall submit PGx data if it provides evidence of the safety and/or clinical effectiveness of the new drug in the context of its proposed indications. Similarly, if PGx data is being used to support the proposed dosage of the drug, the claims to be made for the drug, or the contra-indications and adverse reactions of the drug, the data shall be submitted by the sponsor.
Part C, Division 8 of the regulations enables Health Canada to request any additional information or material respecting the safety and effectiveness of the new drug, which could include relevant PGx information.
Health Canada encourages sponsors intending to use a PGx test to support a therapeutic decision (eg. the choice or dosing of a drug) to apply for a medical device licence as they progress through their drug development program if a licenced test is not already available for use in Canada.
If the sponsor used a PGx test that is already licenced in Canada, the sponsor should indicate in their submission, the name, description, and licence number of the IVDD that was used.
In Canada, all devices intended to be used for PGx testing are classified as Class III medical devices and require a pre-market scientific assessment of the safety and effectiveness by the MDBFootnote 7. The requirements for an application for a new Class III medical device are described in the guidance document: Preparation of a Premarket Review Document for Class III and Class IV Device Licence Applications, and in Section 32 of the Medical Devices Regulations.
Since these devices may have profound impact on the safety and effectiveness of the drug for which the assay/test is performed, data for pre-market review will be required. When in doubt as to the classification of a test, manufacturers are encouraged to contact MDB prior to submitting a licence application.
Sponsors shall comply with all of the applicable labelling requirements in the Food and Drugs Act and Regulations. Sponsors should refer to the Guidance for Industry: Product Monograph for guidance on the development of a product monograph. When developing the product monograph and labelling, sponsors should consider whether there is evidence to support the inclusion of PGx information. For example,
Sponsors are encouraged to request consultation meetings with the relevant Directorates prior to submitting CTA or NDS that contain PGx information or that use a PGx test. These consultations will enable sponsors and Health Canada to share information and knowledge pertaining to the integration of PGx in the drug development and approval process and will help familiarize Health Canada staff with industry activities related to PGx.
For drugs and biologics, pre-CTA and pre-submission meetings should be requested as per the process outlined in the Guidance for Clinical Trial Sponsors: Clinical Trial Applications, and the Management of Drug Submission, respectively. In the meeting request and Information Package, sponsors should indicate whether an associated application for an investigational PGx test has been submitted to the MDB. Where applicable, representatives from the MDB will attend the meeting.
PGx may enhance the ability to identify safety and efficacy issues associated with therapeutic products in the post-market setting, particularly in products with variable pharmacokinetic/ pharmacodynamic properties and narrow therapeutic indices. Sources of post-market PGx data may include, but are not limited to, post-market studies, results from independent research, and information from spontaneous ADR reports.
Sponsors/MAHs are reminded of mandatory post-market reporting requirements for drugs under the relevant regulations, as well as mandatory problem reports for problems with licenced PGx testsFootnote 8,Footnote 9.
Sponsors/MAHs are also encouraged to consult with MHPD regarding the integration of PGx into post-market activities. Should safety and/or efficacy issues involving therapeutic products arise from PGx data in the post-market setting, both MHPD and the relevant pre-market directorate may discuss appropriate strategies to address the issue. A post-market PGx issue may include the following situations:
PGx information obtained post-market that may warrant a change(s) to a section of the Canadian Product Monograph are to be submitted to the relevant pre-market review directorate under the appropriate submission (e.g. changes to the indication(s) or dosing recommendations would require the submission of an SNDS).
For the analysis of post-market safety/efficacy issues arising from PGx data, information required by Health Canada to assess the risk should at minimum include the ADR(s) in question (including lack of efficacy), the suspected single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP)/haplotype involved, and validation information on the PGx test usedFootnote 10. Additional contextual information may also be required in order to interpret the significance of the link between the safety/efficacy issues and the SNP/haplotype. Such information may include, but is not restricted to, the following:
In addition, the sponsor/MAH should provide a summary analysis of the significance of this information on the overall safety/efficacy of the product for its given indication(s). A comprehensive risk management strategy should be proposed to ensure that risks associated with the health product are appropriately addressed.
It should be noted that Health Canada has initiated the process of implementing the ICH E2E guidance document on Pharmacovigilance PlanningFootnote 11. This document is intended to aid in planning pharmacovigilance activities, particularly during the early post-marketing period after a therapeutic product is licenced. Where feasible and relevant, sponsors/MAHs are encouraged to integrate PGx testing as part of ICH E2E, Pharmacovigilance Planning.
PGx is an emerging field. On an ongoing basis, Health Canada may update its guidance in response to new scientific knowledge, best practices, and/or based on experience gained by the department.
Questions concerning the submission of PGx information to Health Canada should be directed to:
International Conference on Harmonization of Technical Requirements for Registration of Pharmaceuticals for Human Use. Tripartite Guideline: Definitions for Genomic Biomarkers, Pharmacogenomics, Pharmacogenetics, Genomic Data and Sample Coding Categories E15, 2007.
Council for International Organizations of Medical Sciences (CIOMS). Pharmacogenetics; Towards improving treatment with medicines. World Health Organization, 2005.
Part 3, Section 80 (2) of the Medical Devices Regulations states that no person shall import or sell a Class II, III or IV medical device to a qualified investigator for the purpose of conducting investigational testing unless the manufacturer or importer holds an authorization issued under subsection 83(1) and possesses records that contain all the information and documents required by section 81.
For the purpose of this document, exploratory research refers to research studies that fall outside of the scope of the clinical trial and/or where there is no intention of submitting the results to Health Canada.
The term diagnostic refers to the examination of specimens for the purpose of providing information concerning a physiological state, state of health or disease or congenital abnormality.
Sponsors intending to collect samples and bank samples for future use in exploratory research studies should seek guidance for such research from the Tri-Council Policy Statement for the Ethical Conduct of Research Involving Humans, provincial legislation, professional and institutional policies, and other relevant documents.
Sponsors may refer to the Health Canada document: Guidance for the Risk Based Classification System of In Vitro Diagnostic Devices.
C.01.016 of the Food and Drug Regulations details post-market reporting requirements for drugs.
Part 1, Sections 59-61 of the Medical Devices Regulations detail the requirements for mandatory problem reporting for medical devices, which include pharmacogenomic tests (Class III devices).
If the test is licenced in Canada, the validation documentation would not have to be resubmitted.
ICH E2E: Pharmacovigilance Planning. Document can be found at: http://www.ich.org/cache/compo/276-254-1.html