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Environmental and Workplace Health

Proposed residential indoor air quality guidelines for formaldehyde

References

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Bell, R.W., Chapman, R.E., Kruschel, B.D., and Spencer, M.J. 1994. Windsor Air Quality Study: Personal Exposure Survey Results. Toronto: Queen's Publisher for Ontario.

Berglund, B. and Nordlin, S. 1992. Detectability and perceived intensity for formaldehyde in smokers and non-smokers. Chemical Senses 17: 291-306.

Blair, A., Stewart, P., O'Berg, M., Gaffey, W., Walrath, J., Ward, J., Bales, J., Kaplan, S., and Cubit, D. 1986. Mortality among industrial workers exposed to formaldehyde. J. Natl. Cancer Inst. 76: 1071-1084.

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Broder, I., Corey, P., Brasher, P., Lipa, M., and Cole, P. 1988c. Comparison of health of occupants and characteristics of houses among control homes and homes insulated with urea formaldehyde foam. III. Health and house variables following remedial work. Environ. Res. 45: 179-203.

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Conolly, R.B., Kimbell, J.S., Janszen, D., Schlosser, P.M., Kalisak, D., Preston, J., Miller, F.J. 2003. Biologically motivated computational modeling of formaldehyde carcinogenicity in the F344 rat. Toxicol. Sci. 75: 432-447.

Consortium Dessau-Siricon. 1996. Enquête sur le terrain protant sur l'étanchéité à l'air, le mouvement de l'air et la qualité de l'air intérieur dans les bâtiments résidentiels de moyenne taille et vérification énergétique de ces bâtiments. Série de rapports techniques. Ottawa: Société canadienne d'hypothèque et de logement.

Environment Canada, Health Canada 2001. Priority Substance List Assessment Report: Formaldehyde. Ottawa: Minister of Public Works and Government Services.

Franklin, P., Dingle, P., and Stick, S. 2000. Raised exhaled nitric oxide in healthy children is associated with domestic formaldehyde levels. Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med. 161: 1757-1759.

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Gilbert, N.L., Guay, M., Miller, J.D., Judek, S., Chan, C.C., and Dales, R.E. 2005. Levels and determinants of formaldehyde, acetaldehyde and acrolein in residential indoor air in Prince Edward Island, Canada. Environ. Res. 99: 11-17.

Green, D.J., Sauder, L.R., Kulle, T.J., and Bascom, R. 1987. Acute response to 3.0 ppm formaldehyde in exercising healthy nonsmokers and asthmatics. Am. Rev. Respir. Dis. 135: 1261-1266.

Hanrahan, L.P., Dally, K.A., Anderson, H.A., Kanarek, M.S., and Rankin, J. 1984. Formaldehyde vapor in mobile homes: a cross-sectional survey of concentrations and irritant effects. Am. J. Public Health 74: 1026-1027.

Hayes, R.B., Raatgever, J.W., de Bruyn, A., and Gérin, M. 1986. Cancer of the nasal cavity and paranasal sinuses, and formaldehyde exposure. Int. J. Cancer 37: 487-492.

Hodgson, A.T., Wooley, J.D., and Daisey, J.M. 1993. Emissions of volatile organic compounds from new carpets measured in a large-scale environmental chamber. J. Air Waste Manage. Assoc. 43: 316-324.

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International Agency for Research on Cancer. 1995. Formaldehyde. IARC Monographs on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans 62: 217-375.

Kelly, T.J., Smith, D.L., and Satola, J. 1999. Emission rates of formaldehyde from material and consumer products found in California homes. Environ. Sci. Technol. 33: 81-88.

Kerns, W.D., Pavkov, K.L., Donofrio, D.J., Gralla, E.J., and Swenberg, J.A. 1983. Carcinogenicity of formaldehyde in rats and mice after long-term inhalation exposure. Cancer Res. 43: 4382-4392.

Kottes Andrews, B.A. and Trask-Morrell, B.J. 1997. Long term formaldehyde emissions from DMDHEU-finished cotton fabrics. Text. Chem.Color. 29: 16-19.

Krzyzanowski, M., Quackenboss, J.J., and Lebowitz, M.D. 1990. Chronic respiratory effects of indoor formaldehyde exposure. Environ. Res. 52: 117-125.

Kulle, T.J. 1993. Acute odor and irritation response in healthy nonsmokers with formaldehyde exposure. Toxicol. Ind. Health 5: 323-332.

Laforest, L., Luce, D., Goldberg, P., Bégin, D., Gérin, M., Demers, P.A., Brugère, J., and Leclerc, A. 2000. Laryngeal and hypopharyngeal cancers and occupational exposure to formaldehyde and various dusts: a case-control study in France. Occup. Environ. Med. 57: 767-773.

Leovic, K., Whitaker, D., Northeim, C., and Sheldon, L. 1998. Evaluation of a test method for measuring indoor air emissions from dry-process photocopiers. J. Air Waste Manage. Assoc. 48: 915-923.

Lévesque, B., Allaire, S., Gauvin, D., Koutrakis, P., Gingras, S., Rhainds, M., Prud'Homme, H., and Duchesne, J.-F. 2001. Wood-burning appliances and indoor air quality. Sci. Total Environ. 281: 47-62.

Lipari, F., Dasch, J.M., and Scruggs, W.F. 1984. Aldehyde emissions from wood-burning fireplaces. Environ. Sci. Technol. 18: 326-330.

Luce, D., Gérin, M., Leclerc, A., Morcet, J.-F., Brugère, J., and Goldberg, M. 1993. Sinonasal cancer and occupational exposure to formaldehyde and other substances. Int. J. Cancer 53: 224-231.

Luce, L., Leclerc, A., Bégin, D., Demers, P.A., Gérin, M., Orlowski, E., Kogevinas, M., Belli, S., Bugel, I., Bolm-Audorff, U., Brinton, L.A., Comba, P., Hardell, L., Hayes, R.B., Magnani, C., Merler, E., Preston-Martin, S., Vaughan, T.L., Zheng, W., and Boffetta, P. 2002. Sinonasal cancer and occupational exposures: a pooled analysis of 12 case-control studies. Cancer Causes Control 13: 147-157.

Malo, J-L. and Bernstein, I.L. 1993. Other chemical substances causing occupational asthma. In: I.L. Bernstein, M. Chan-Yeung, J.-L. Malo and D.I. Bernstein (eds.), (pp. 481-502). Asthma in the Workplace. New York: Marcel Dekker.

Martin, V.B., Smith, C.B., and Gupta, B.S. 1998. Identification of source emissions from finished textile fabrics. Text. Chem.Color. 30: 15-19.

McCrillis, R.C., Howard, E.M., Guo, Z., Krebs, K.A., Fortmann, R., and Lao, H.C. 1999. Characterization of curing emissions from conversion varnishes. J. Air Waste Manage. Assoc. 49: 70-75.

Menzies, D., Tamblyn, R.M., Nunes, F., Hanley, J., and Tamblyn, R.T. 1996. Exposure to varying levels of contaminants and symptoms among workers in two buildings. Am. J. Public Health 86: 1629-1633.

Monticello, T.M., Swenberg, J.A., Gross, E.A., Leininger, J.R., Kimbell, J.S., Seilkop, S., Starr, T.B., Gibson, J.E., and Morgan, K.T. 1996. Correlation of regional and nonlinear formaldehyde- induced nasal cancer with proliferating populations of cells. Cancer Res. 56: 1012-1022.

Moriske, H.-J., Ebert, G., Konieczy, L., Menk, G., and Schöndube, M. 1998. Concentrations and decay rates of ozone in indoor air in dependence on building and surface materials. Toxicol. Letters 96-79: 319-323.

Norbäck, D., Björnsson, E., Janson, C., Widström, J., and Boman, G. 1995. Asthmatic symptoms and volatile organic compounds, formaldehyde, and carbon dioxide in dwellings. Occup. Environ. Med. 52: 388-395.

Norbäck, D., Wålinder, R., Wieslander, G., Smedje, G., Erwall, C., and Venge, P. 2000. Indoor air pollutants in schools: nasal patency and biomarkers in nasal lavage. Allergy 55: 163-170.

Olsen, J.H., and Asnaes, S. 1986. Formaldehyde and the risk of cancer of squamous cell carcinoma of the sinonasal cavities. Br. J. Ind. Med. 43: 769-774.

Olsen, J.H. and Døssing, M. 1982. Formaldehyde induced symptoms in day care centers. Am. Ind. Hyg. Assoc. J. 43: 366-370.

Pazdrak, K., Górski, P., Krakowiak, A., and Ruta, U. 1993. Changes in nasal lavage fluid due to formaldehyde inhalation. Int. Arch. Occup. Environ. Health 64: 515-519.

Ramdahl, T., Alfheim, I., Rustad, S., and Olsen, T. 1982. Chemical and biological characterization of emissions from small residential stoves burning wood and charcoal. Chemosphere 11: 601-611.

Riedel, F., Hasenauer, E., Barth, P.J., Koziorowski, A., and Rieger, C.H.L. 1996. Formaldehyde exposure enhances sensitization in the guinea pig. Allergy 51: 94-99.

Ritchie, I.M. and Lehnen, R.G. 1987. Formaldehyde-related health complaints of residents living in mobile and conventional homes. Am. J. Public Health 77: 323-328.

Roush, G.C., Walrath, J., Stayner, L.T., Kaplan, S.A., Flannery, J.T., and Blair, A. 1987. Nasopharyngeal cancer, sinonasal cancer, and occupations related to formaldehyde: a case- control study. J. Natl. Cancer Inst. 79: 1221-1224.

Rumchev, K. 2001. Indoor environmental risk factors for respiratory symptoms and asthma in young children. Ph.D. Thesis, Curtin University of Technology. 195 p.

Rumchev, K.B., Spickett, J.T., Bulsara, M.K., Phillips, M.R., and Stick, S.M. 2002. Domestic exposure to formaldehyde significantly increases the risk of asthma in young children. Eur. Respir. J. 20: 403-406.

Salthammer, T., Fuhrmann, F., Kaufhold, S., Meyer, B., and Schwarz, A. 1995. Effects of climatic parameters on formaldehyde concentrations in indoor air. Indoor Air 5: 120-126.

Sauder, L.R., Chatham, M.D., Green, D.J., and Kulle, T.J. 1986. Acute pulmonary response to formaldehyde exposure in healthy nonsmokers. J. Occup. Med. 28: 420-424.

Sauder, L.R., Green, D.J., Chatham, M.D., and Kulle, T.J. 1987. Acute pulmonary response of asthmatics to 3.0 ppm formaldehyde. Toxicol. Ind. Health 3: 569-578.

Scanada Consultants Limited. 1997. Field investigation of indoor environment and energy usage in mid-rise residential buildings. Ottawa: Canada Mortgage and Housing Corporation. Technical Series.

Schachter, E.N., Witek, T.J., Tosun, T., Leaderer, B.P., and Beck, G.J. 1986. A study of respiratory effects from exposure to 2 ppm formaldehyde in healthy subjects. Arch. Environ. Health 41: 229-239.

Seppänen, O.A., Fisk, W.J., and Mendell, M.J. 1999. Association of ventilation rates and CO2 concentrations with health and other responses in commercial and institutional buildings. Indoor Air 9: 226-252.

Smedje, G. and Norbäck, D. 2001. Incidence of asthma diagnosis and self-reported allergy in relation to the school environment - a four-year follow-up in schoolchildren. Int. J. Tuberc. Lung Dis. 5: 1059-1066.

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Tarkowski, M. and Gorski, P. 1995. Increased IgE antiovalbumin level in mice exposed to formaldehyde. Int. Arch. Allergy Immunol. 106: 422-424.

Tuomi, T., Engström, B., Niemelä, R., Svinhufvud, J., and Reijula, K. 2000. Emission of ozone and organic volatiles from a selection of laser printers and photocopiers. Appl. Occup. Environ. Hyg. 15: 629-634.

Vaughan, T.L., Stewart, P.A., Teschke, K., Lynch, C.F., Swanson, G.M., Lyon, J.L., and Berwick, M. 2000. Occupational exposure to formaldehyde and wood dust and nasopharyngeal carcinoma. Occup. Environ. Med. 57: 376-384.

Vaughan, T.L., Strader, C., Davis, S., and Daling, J.R. 1986b. Formaldehyde and cancers of the pharynx, sinus and nasal cavity: I. Occupational exposures. Int. J. Cancer 38: 677-683.

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Wantke, F., Demmer, C.M., Tappler, P., Götz, M., and Jarisch, R. 1996. Exposure to gaseous formaldehyde induces IgE-mediated sensitization to formaldehyde in schoolchildren. Clin. Exp. Allergy 26: 276-280.

West, S., Mildesheim, M., and Dosmeci, M. 1993. Non-viral risk factors for nasopharyngeal carcinoma in the Philippines: results from a case-control study. Int. J. Cancer 55: 722-727.

WHO. 1989. Formaldehyde. Environmental Health Criteria 89. Geneva: World Health Organization, International Programme on Chemical Safety.

Wieslander, G., Norbäck, D., Björnsson, E., Janson, C., and Boman, G. 1997. Asthma and the indoor environment: the significance of emission of formaldehyde and volatile organic compounds from newly painted indoor surfaces. Int. Arch. Occup. Environ. Health 69: 115-124.

Williams, D.T., Otson, R., and Bothwell, P.D. 1981. Formaldehyde levels in the air of houses containing urea-formaldehyde foam insulation. Can. J. Public Health 72: 331-334.

Witek, T.J., Schachter, E.N., Tosun, T., Beck, G.J., and Leaderer, B.P. 1987. An evaluation of respiratory effects following exposure to 2.0 ppm formaldehyde in asthmatics: lung function, symptoms, and airway reactivity. Arch. Environ. Health 42: 230-237.