Air/Water Quality

• - allergens/asthma
• - indoor air
• - flooding
• - scarce resources
• - toxic substances
• - food supply
• - drought
• - water-and food-borne diseases

• Environmental/pollution management (ambient/indoor air, water,toxics), development and enforcement of standards (e.g., cooking and heating indoors)
• Energy efficiency policies (e.g., standards for home appliances,commercial lighting, and commercial HVAC, improvements in residential and commercial new buildings).Water demand and use reduced through increased efficiencies of its delivery and utilization
• Introduce incentives/alternatives to switch to natural gas heating from wood stoves.
• Water transportation system adjusted to accommodate melting permafrost
• Education about proper storage/handling of food in warmer temperatures
• Education about proper nutrition, contaminant exposures,alternatives to traditional foods that are not readily available
• Monitoring air quality, dust and allergens
• Monitoring wind patterns and how they affect contaminants

Air/Water Quality

• Water control structures redesigned to handle greater variability of precipitation, including a possible increase in the intensity of extreme events (e.g., increase size of storm drains, culverts, bridge openings, increase absorbing capacity of urban landscape, storm sewer protection/maintenance programs)
• Encourage subwatershed planning
• Public awareness about impacts of climate change and public health adaptation strategies (e.g., water shortages)
• Disaster Preparedness (flood preparation, infrastructure renewal = dams, training, volunteer recruitment, public education, emergency response coordination, resource allocation)
• Use climate forecasting in water planning (e.g., planning and development of major infrastructure - reservoirs, transport networks, safety improvements at airports, floodways)
• Include climate change and health considerations in environmental impact assessments
• Monitoring of water levels, ice cover and stream flows

Vector-borne Infectious Diseases

• - vector-borne diseases
• - imported food
• - immigration
• - severe weather events

• Increased information about greater stresses from infectious diseases which could become endemic to Canada or are brought to Canada by travelers/immigrants.
• Strengthen public health infrastructure related to the monitoring and control of infectious diseases (e.g., expanded access to medical care, health information capacity, enhanced private well water testing, food surveillance and inspection etc.).
• Improved vaccinations and drugs services to combat infectious diseases.
• Enhanced disease control, information dissemination, investigation and consultation, development of standards and communicable disease control guidelines.
• Enhanced field epidemiology and surveillance skills training, improved epidemiological methods/models and improved disease surveillance systems.
• Integration of climate change and health considerations into food import handling and regulatory activities.
• Reporting by hunters and wildlife departments of animal health and diseases

Vulnerable Populations

• - Aboriginal Peoples
• - children
• - disabled
• - homeless/poor
• - immigrants
• - seniors
• - rural and urban health

• Review and revise population health assessment practices to allow for the identification of communities and individuals which are more at risk to the effects of climate change.
• Land use planning. Coastal Zones - the risks associated with inundation and storms might be managed by using protective structures, restrictive land use zoning including setbacks and encroachment limits, development of new wetlands, adoption of building code provisions for structures located in vulnerable areas, and insurance programs for storm damage.
• Land use planning. Perma-frost - risks of future perma-frost melting should be included in new construction design and location.
• Emergency preparedness, strengthen emergency communications, flood preparation, infrastructure renewal, training, volunteer recruitment, public education, emergency response coordination.
• Improve data availability for northern regions related to environmental and health status.
• Identification and development of indicators for climate change and health at the community level to monitor changes in the relationship of the environment and northern ecologies with human health.
• Diversify power supplies (extreme weather events).
• Examine public infrastructure and make adjustments to ensure public safety (e.g., dams and weirs, flood channels, dykes, pipelines, land stabilization works, transmission towers, communication devices and channels, etc.).
• Strengthen public health infrastructure (e.g., expanded access to medical care for specific populations including preventative and primary care, disability services, immigrant population services, Aboriginal services, Children services, rural services).
•  Improved vaccinations and drugs services to combat infectious

Vulnerable Populations

• Improved housing and sanitation practices to combat infectious diseases for vulnerable populations.
• Use climate forecasting in all sorts of planning.
• Integration of climate change and human health considerations into current health information initiatives including the First Nations Regional Health Survey and the First Nations and Inuit Health Information System.
• Integration of climate change and health policy/actions related to vulnerable groups into efforts to revise and update public health-related legislation or regulations in the North in order to increase the profile of public health, increase enforcement, and strengthen disease surveillance.
• Strengthen the Arctic Land Fast Ice Advisory and Warning Service which rescues hunters on ice floes that are at sea.
• Develop contingency relocation plans in case of sea level rise or permafrost melt.
• Improved housing and public buildings (e.g., insulation and guidelines).
• Capacity building to enable public health authorities in the North to address climate change issues.
• Incorporate traditional knowledge and observations of climate change into local planning.

Extreme Weather Events (Storms, Ice Storms, Floods, Hail, Tornadoes)

• Create or enhance disaster preparedness plans
• Create or enhance emergency response plans (e.g., planning for the combat of infectious diseases that arise after natural disasters),adequate medical supplies for injuries and illnesses.
• Storm shelters
• Land use planning. (e.g., coastal zones - the risks associated with inundation and storms might be managed by using protective structures, restrictive land use zoning including setbacks and encroachment limits, development of new wetlands, adoption of building code provisions for structures located in vulnerable areas)
• Construct strong seawalls
• Fortify sanitation systems
• Improve extreme weather advisories/early warning systems
• Modify building codes
• Cost sharing mechanisms for compensation and adaptation initiatives

Extreme Temperatures (Heat, Cold)

• Implement or enhance weather watch/warning systems
• Improved housing and public buildings (e.g., insulation, guidelines)
• Implement education campaigns (e.g, appropriate clothing)
• Install high-albedo materials for roads
• Cold Weather Response Plans (e.g., identification of potential shelters, both public and private, (community centres, libraries) and areas where there are large numbers of seniors, use of a temperature index, declaration of cold emergency and response plan, hostels/shelters asked to stay open, city nursing staff to visit people at risk)

Stratospheric Ozone Depletion by Greenhouse Gases (Increased Exposure to UV Radiation)

• Education campaign about dangers of UV Radiation
• Appropriate clothing and sunglasses
• Stronger sunscreens/lotions

Health & Socio-Economic Disruptions (Loss of Natural Resources or Income; Community & Health Infrastructure Damage, Population Displacements)

• Insurance programs and compensation arrangements
• Enhanced diversity in economic development programs
• Increased monitoring and surveillance of wildlife migration patterns, fish habitats, permafrost and ice thickness and ecosystems that are a part of the traditional ways of Inuit and Aboriginal life.
• Strengthen community resilience and health through community based health programs (e.g., nutrition, infectious diseases, family support, home care etc)