Health Canada
Symbol of the Government of Canada
Environmental and Workplace Health

State of the Science Report for Biphenyl

Reference

Aamot, E., Steinnes, E. and Schmid, R. 1996. Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in Norwegian forest soils: Impact of long range atmospheric transport. Environ. Pollut. 92(3): 275-280.

Abe, S. and Sasaki, M. 1977. Chromosome aberrations and sister chromatid exchanges in Chinese hamster cells exposed to various chemicals. J. Natl. Cancer Inst.58: 1635-1641 [cited in IPCS, 1999].

Ambrose, A.M., Booth, A.N., DeEds, F. and Cox, A.J. 1960. A toxicological study of biphenyl, a citrus fungistat. Food Res.25: 328-336 [cited in IPCS, 1999].

Benoit, F.M., LeBel, G.L. and Williams, D.T. 1979a. Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon levels in Eastern Ontario drinking waters, 1978. Bull. Environ. Contam. Toxicol. 23(6): 774-778.

Benoit, F.M., LeBel, G.L. and Williams, D.T. 1979b. The determination of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons at the ng/L level in Ottawa tap water. Int. J. Environ. Anal. Chem. 6(4): 277-287.

Booth, A.N., Ambrose, A.M. and DeEds, F. 1956. Reversible nephrotoxic effects of biphenyl. Fed. Proc.15: 403 (Abstract 1313) [cited in IPCS, 1999].

Booth, A.N., Ambrose, A.M., DeEds, F. and Cox, A.J. 1961. The reversible nephrotoxic effects of biphenyl. Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol. 3: 560-567 [cited in IPCS, 1999].

Bos, R.P., Theuws, J.L.G., Jongeneelen, F.J. and Henderson, P.T. 1988. Mutagenicity of bi-, tri- and tetra-cyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in the "taped-plate assay" and in the conventional Salmonella mutagenicity assay. Mutat. Res.204: 203-206 [cited in IPCS, 1999].

Brams, A., Buchet, J.P., Crutzen-Fayt, M.C., de Meester, C., Lauwerys, R. and Leonard, A. 1987. A comparative study, with 40 chemicals, of the efficiency of the Salmonella assay and the SOS chromotest (kit procedure). Toxicol. Lett.38: 123-133 [cited in IPCS, 1999].

Braune, B., Muir, D., DeMarch, B., Gamberg, M., Poole, K., Currie, R., Dodd, M., Duschenko, W., Eamer, J., Elkin, B., Evans, M., Grundy, S., Hebert, C., Johnstone, R., Kidd, K., Koenig, B., Lockhart, L., Marshall, H., Reimer, K., Sanderson, J. and Shutt, L. 1999. Spatial and temporal trends of contaminants in Canadian Arctic freshwater and terrestrial ecosystems: a review. Sci. Total Environ. 230: 145-207.

Bronzetti, G., Esposito, A., Pagano, G. and Quinto, I. 1981. A comparative study on the toxicity and mutagenicity of biphenyl (BP) and diphenyl ether (DPE) in sea urchin, S. typhimurium and S. cerevisiae. Mutat. Res. 85: 233 [cited in IPCS, 1999].

 

Brouns, R.E., Poot, M., de Vrind, R., van Hoek-Kon, T. and Henderson, P.T. 1979. Measurement of DNA-excision repair in suspensions of freshly isolated rat hepatocytes after exposure to some carcinogenic compounds. Its possible use in carcinogenicity screening. Mutat. Res.64: 425-432 [cited in IPCS, 1999].

BUA (Beratergremium für Umweltrelevante Altstoffe). 1990. BUA-Stoffbericht Biphenyl (1,1'-Biphenyl). German Chemical Society Advisory Committee on Existing Chemicals of Environmental Relevance. VCH VerlagsGmbH, Weinheim, July (Report No. 50) [cited in IPCS, 1999].

Next link will take you to another Web site City of Toronto Water and Wastewater Services Division. 2002a. Water quality quarterly report -- January-March 2002. Toronto, Ontario.
http://www.city.toronto.on.ca/water/quality_report/index.htm.

Next link will take you to another Web site City of Toronto Water and Wastewater Services Division. 2002b. Water quality quarterly report -- April-June 2002. Toronto, Ontario.
http://www.city.toronto.on.ca/water/quality_report/index.htm.

Next link will take you to another Web site City of Toronto Water and Wastewater Services Division. 2002c. Water quality quarterly report -- July-September 2002. Toronto, Ontario.
http://www.city.toronto.on.ca/water/quality_report/index.htm.

Next link will take you to another Web site City of Toronto Water and Wastewater Services Division. 2002d. Water quality quarterly report -- October-December 2002. Toronto, Ontario.
http://www.city.toronto.on.ca/water/quality_report/index.htm.

Cline, J.C. and McMahon, R.E. 1977. Detection of chemical mutagens. Use of concentration gradient plates in a high capacity screen. Res. Commun. Chem. Pathol. 16: 523-533 [cited in IPCS, 1999].

Cohen, S.M. 1995. Human relevance of animal carcinogenicity studies. Regul. Toxicol. Pharmacol. 21: 75-80.

Deichmann, W.B., Kitzmiller, K.V., Dierker, M. and Witherup, S. 1947. Observations on the effects of diphenyl, o- and p-aminodiphenyl, o- and p-nitrodiphenyl and dihydroxyoctachlorodiphenyl upon experimental animals. J. Ind. Hyg. Toxicol. 29: 1-13 [cited in IPCS, 1999].

Dow Chemical Co. 1974. Acute inhalation toxicity and industrial handling hazards of biphenyl heated to 85°C(EPA Document I.D.: 878213725, received 1983), cited in BUA, 1994 [cited in IPCS, 1999].

Dow Chemical Co. 1976. Cytogenetic effects of diphenyl-99 on rat bone marrow cells (EPA Document I.D.: 878213726, received 1983), cited in BUA, 1994 [cited in IPCS, 1999].

EHD (Environmental Health Directorate). 1998. Exposure factors for assessing total daily intake of Priority Substances by the general population of Canada. Unpublished report. Priority Substances Section, Health Canada, Ottawa, Ontario.

Environment Canada. 2001. Next link will take you to another Web site Canadian Environmental Protection Act, 1999. Notice with respect to certain substances on the Domestic Substances List (DSL). Canada Gazette, Part I, 135(46): 4194-4211.
http://canadagazette.gc.ca/partI/2001/20011117/pdf/g1-13546.pdf.

Fujita, H., Kojima, A., Sasaki, M. and Hiraga, K. 1985. Mutagenicity test of antioxidants and fungicides with Salmonella typhimurium TA97a, TA102. Kenkyu Nenpo-Tokyo-toritsu Eisei Kenkyusho 36: 413-417 [cited in IPCS, 1999].

Garberg, P., Akerblom, E.-L. and Bolcsfoldi, G. 1988. Evaluation of a genotoxicity test measuring DNA-strand breaks in mouse lymphoma cells by alkaline unwinding and hydroxyapatite elution. Mutat. Res. 203: 155-176 [cited in IPCS, 1999].

Glatt, H., Anklam, E. and Robertson, L.W. 1992. Biphenyl and fluorinated derivatives: liver enzyme-mediated mutagenicity detected in Salmonella typhimurium and Chinese hamster V79 cells. Mutat. Res. 281: 151-156 [cited in IPCS, 1999].

Haworth, S., Lawlor, T., Mortelmans, K., Speck, W. and Zeiger, E. 1983. Salmonella mutagenicity test results for 250 chemicals. Environ. Mutagen.5(Suppl. 1): 3-142 [cited in IPCS, 1999].

Health Canada. 1994. Canadian Environmental Protection Act -- Human health risk assessment for Priority Substances. Minister of Supply and Services, Ottawa, Ontario. 36 pp. Human health risk assessment for Priority Substances (PDF will open in a new window)http://www.hc-sc.gc.ca/hecs-sesc/exsd/pdf/approach.pdf .

Hoff, M. and Chan, K.W. 1987. Measurement of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in the air along the Niagara River. Environ. Sci. Technol. 21(6): 556-561.

IPCS (International Programme on Chemical Safety). 1999. Biphenyl. World Health Organization, Geneva (Concise International Chemical Assessment Document 6).

Ishidate, M. and Odashima, S. 1977. Chromosome tests with 134 compounds on Chinese hamster cells in vitro -- a screening for chemical carcinogens. Mutat. Res. 48: 337-354.

Ishidate, M., Sofuni, T., Yoshikawa, K., Hayashi, M., Nohmi, T., Sawada, M. and Matsuoka, A. 1984. Primary mutagenicity screening of food additives currently used in Japan. Food Chem. Toxicol. 22: 623-636 [cited in IPCS, 1999].

Japan Bioassay Research Center. 1996. Two year feeding study of biphenyl in rats and mice. Unpublished report. National Institute of Health Sciences, Tokyo.

Kawachi, T., Yahagi, T., Kada, T., Tazima, Y., Ishidate, M., Sasaki, M. and Sugiyama, T. 1980. Cooperative programme on short-term assays for carcinogenicity in Japan. In: Montesano, R., Bartsch, H. and Tomatis, L. (eds.), Molecular and cellular aspects of carcinogen screening tests.International Agency for Research on Cancer, Lyon. pp. 323-330 (IARC Scientific Publications No. 27) [cited in IPCS, 1999].

Khera, K.S., Whalen, C., Angers, G. and Trivett, G. 1979. Assessment of the teratogenic potential of piperonyl butoxide, biphenyl, and phosalo

ne in the rat. Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol. 47: 353-358 [cited in IPCS, 1999].

Kostiainen, R. 1995. Volatile organic compounds in the indoor air of normal and sick houses. Atmos. Environ. 29(6): 693-702.

Kroschwitz, J.I. and Howe-Grant, M. (eds.). 1991. Kirk-Othmer encyclopedia of chemical technology. 4th ed. John Wiley and Sons, New York, NY.

Kurata, Y., Asamoto, M., Hagiwara, A., Masui, T. and Fukushima, S. 1986. Promoting effects of various agents in rat urinary bladder carcinogenesis initiated by N-butyl- N(4-hydroxybutyl)nitrosamine. Cancer Lett. 32: 125-135 [cited in IPCS, 1999].

LeBel, G.L., Williams, D.T. and Benoit, F.M. 1987. Use of large-volume resin cartridges for the determination of organic contaminants in drinking water derived from the Great Lakes. In: Suffet, I.H.M. and Malaiyandi, M. (eds.), Organic pollutants in water: Sampling, analysis, and toxicity testing. American Chemical Society, Washington, D.C. pp. 309-325 (Advances in Chemistry Series No. 214).

Masi, F. 2002. Personal communication. Pest Management Regulatory Agency, Health Canada, Ottawa, Ontario.

Monsanto Co. 1959. Animal inhalation study on biphenyl at 80°F and 100°F (EPA Document I.D.: 878213571, received 1983), cited in BUA, 1994 [cited in IPCS, 1999].

Nagy, S. and Wardowski, W.F. 1981. Diphenyl absorption by honey tangerines: The effects of washing and waxing and time and temperature storage. J. Agric. Food Chem. 29(4): 760-763.

Newell, G.W. 1953. A toxicological study of diphenyl in citrus wraps(Stanford Research Institute Report No. B 326), cited in Monsanto Co. 1996. Toxicological data on biphenyl [cited in U.S. EPA, 1984; IPCS, 1999].

NHW (Department of National Health and Welfare). 1990. Present patterns and trends in infant feeding in Canada. Department of National Health and Welfare, Ottawa, Ontario. 9 pp. (Catalogue No. H39-199/1990E; ISBN 0-662-18397-5) [cited in EHD, 1998].

NLM (National Library of Medicine). 2002. Biphenyl. Hazardous Substances Data Bank (HSDB) No. 530. Accessed at http://toxnet.nlm.nih.gov/ on August 21, 2002; l ast modified on August 8, 2002.

NTP (National Toxicology Program). 1980. Annual plan for fiscal year 1981.U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina. p. 32 [cited in IPCS, 1999].

Otson, R. and Benoit, F.M. 1986. Surveys of selected organics in residential air. In: Walkinshaw, D.S. (ed.), Indoor air quality in cold climates: Hazards and abatement measures. Air Pollution Control Association, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. pp. 224-233.

Otson, R., Fellin, P. and Tran, Q. 1994. VOCs in representative Canadian residences. Atmos. Environ. 28(22): 3563-3569.

Pagano, G., Esposito, A., Giordano, G.G., Vamvakinos, E., Quinto, I., Bronzetti, G., Bauer, C., Corsi, C., Nieri, R. and Ciajolo, A. 1983. Genotoxicity and teratogenicity of diphenyl and diphenyl ether: a study of sea urchins, yeast, and Salmonella typhimurium . Teratogen. Carcinogen. Mutagen.3: 377-393 [cited in IPCS, 1999].

 

Pagano, G., Cipollaro, M., Corsale, G., Della Morte, R., Esposito, A., Giordano, G.G., Micallo, G., Quinto, I. and Staiano, N. 1988. Comparative toxicity of diphenyl, diphenyl ester, and some of their hydroxy derivatives. Med. Biol. Environ. 6: 291-297 [cited in IPCS, 1999].

Patton, G.W., Walla, M.D., Bidleman, T.F. and Barrie, L.A. 1991. Polycyclic aromatic and organochlorine compounds in the atmosphere of northern Ellesmere Island, Canada. J. Geophys. Res. 96(D6): 10 867-10 877.

Probst, G.S., McMahon, R.E., Hill, L.E., Thompson, C.Z., Epp, J.K. and Neal, S.B. 1981. Chemically-induced unscheduled DNA synthesis in primary rat hepatocyte cultures: a comparison with bacterial mutagenicity using 218 compounds. Environ. Mutagen.3: 11-32 [cited in IPCS, 1999].

Purchase, I.F.H., Longstaff, E., Ashby, J., Styles, J.A., Anderson, D., Lefevre, P.A. and Westwood, F.R. 1978. An evaluation of 6 short-term tests for detecting organic chemical carcinogens. Br. J. Cancer37: 873-959 [cited in IPCS, 1999].

Sasaki, Y.F., Saga, A., Akasaka, M., Yoshida, K., Nishidate, E., Su, Y.Q., Matsusake, N. and Tsuda, S. 1997. In vivo genotoxicity of ortho-phenylphenol, biphenyl, and thiabenzadole detected in multiple mouse organs by the alkaline single cell gel electrophoresis assay. Mutat. Res. 395(2-3): 189-198.

Shibata, M.A., Yamada, M., Tanaka, H., Kagawa, M. and Fukushima, S. 1989a. Changes in urine composition, bladder epithelial morphology, and DNA synthesis in male F344 rats in response to ingestion of bladder tumor promoters. Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol. 99: 37-49 [cited in IPCS, 1999].

Shibata, M.A., Tanaka, H., Yamada, M., Tamano, S. and Fukushima, S. 1989b. Proliferative response of renal pelvic epithelium in rats to oral administration of ortho-phenylphenol, sodium ortho-phenylphenate and diphenyl. Cancer Lett.48: 19-28 [cited in IPCS, 1999].

Shiraiwa, K., Takita, M., Tsutsumi, M., Kinugasa, T., Denda, A., Takahashi, S. and Konishi, Y. 1989. Diphenyl induces urolithiasis but does not possess the ability to promote carcinogenesis by N- ethyl-N -hydroxyethylnitrosamine in kidneys of rats. J. Toxicol. Pathol.2: 41-48 [cited in IPCS, 1999].

Snyder, R.D. and Matheson, D.W. 1985. Nick translation -- a new assay for monitoring DNA damage and repair in cultured human fibroblasts. Environ. Mutagen.7: 267-279 [cited in IPCS, 1999].

Sofuni, T., Hayashi, M., Matsuoka, A., Sawada, M., Hatanaka, M. and Ishidate, M. 1985. Mutagenicity tests on organic chemical contaminants in city water and related compounds. II. Chromosome aberration tests in cultured mammalian cells. Eisei Shikensho Hokoku103: 64-75 [cited in IPCS, 1999].

Sondergaard, D. and Blom, L. 1979. Polycystic changes in rat kidney induced by biphenyl fed in different diets. Arch. Toxicol. Suppl. 2: 499-502 [cited in IPCS, 1999].

Stanford Research Institute. Undated. Final report -- a toxicological study of diphenyl in citrus wraps. Menlo Park, California, cited in U.S. EPA, 1984 [cited in IPCS, 1999].

Sun Co. Inc. 1977a. Acute inhalation toxicity of biphenyl-- with cover letter (EPA Document I.D.: 878213530, received 1983), cited in BUA, 1994 [cited in IPCS, 1999].

Sun Co. Inc. 1977b. Subacute inhalation toxicity of biphenyl(EPA Document I.D.: 878213531, received 1983), cited in BUA, 1994 [cited in IPCS, 1999].

Takita, M. 1983. Urolithiasis induced by oral administration of diphenyl in rats. J. Nara (Med. Univ.) Med. Assoc. 34: 565-584.

Umeda, Y., Arito, H., Kano, H., Ohnsihi, M., Matsumoto, M., Nagano, K., Yamamoto, S. and Matsushima, T. 2002. Two-year study of carcinogenicity and chronic toxicity of biphenyl in rats. J. Occup. Health 44: 176-183.

U.S. EPA (United States Environmental Protection Agency). 1984. Health and environmental effects profile for 1,1'-biphenyl. Environmental Criteria and Assessment Office, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Cincinnati, Ohio (EPA 600/X-84/147).

Next link will take you to another Web site U.S. FDA (United States Food and Drug Administration). 2002a. Food and Drug Administration Pesticide Program: Residue monitoring 2000. Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition. Accessed at http://www.cfsan.fda.gov/~dms/pes00rep.html on January 15, 2003.

Next link will take you to another Web site U.S. FDA (United States Food and Drug Administration). 2002b. Biphenyl. Pesticide Program Pesticide Monitoring Database 2000. Accessed at http://www.cfsan.fda.gov/~download/pes00db.html on January 15, 2003; last modified on December 2, 2002.

Next link will take you to another Web site U.S. FDA (United States Food and Drug Administration). 2003a. Food and Drug Administration Pesticide Program: Residue monitoring 2001. Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition. Accessed at http://www.cfsan.fda.gov/~dms/pes01rep.html on August 13, 2003.

Next link will take you to another Web site U.S. FDA (United States Food and Drug Administration). 2003b. Biphenyl. Pesticide Program Pesticide Monitoring Database 2001. Accessed at http://www.cfsan.fda.gov/~download/pes01db.html on August 13, 2003; last modified on April 21, 2003.

Vogt, N.B., Brakstad, F., Thrane, K., Nordenson, S., Krane, J., Aamot, E., Kolset, K., Esbensen, K. and Steinnes, E. 1987. Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in soil and air: Statistical analysis and classification by the SIMCA method. Environ. Sci. Technol. 21(1): 35-44.

Wangenheim, J. and Bolcsfoldi, G. 1988. Mouse lymphoma L5178Y thymidine kinase locus assay of 50 compounds. Mutagenesis 3: 193-205 [cited in IPCS, 1999].

Waters, M.D., Sandhu, S.S., Simmon, V.F., Mortelmans, K.E., Mitchell, A.D., Jorgenson, T.A., Jones, D.C.L., Valencia, R. and Garrett, N.E. 1982. Study of pesticide genotoxicity. Basic Life Sci.21: 275-326 [cited in IPCS, 1999].

Williams, D.T., Nestmann, E.R., LeBel, G.L., Benoit, F.M. and Otson, R. 1982. Determination of mutagenic potential and organic contaminants of Great Lakes drinking water. Chemosphere 11(3): 263-276.

Williams, G.M. 1978. Further improvements in the hepatocyte primary culture DNA repair test for carcinogens: Detection of carcinogenic biphenyl derivatives. Cancer Lett. 4: 69-75 [cited in IPCS, 1999].

Wilson, N.K., Chuang, J.C. and Lyu, C. 2001. Levels of persistent organic pollutants in several child day care centers. J. Expos. Anal. Environ. Epidemiol. 11: 449-458.

Zimmermann, F.K., von Borstel, R.C., von Halle, E.S., Parry, J.M., Siebert, D., Zetterberg, G., Barale, R. and Loprieno, N. 1984. Testing of chemicals for genetic activity with Saccharomyces cerevisiae :a report of the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency Gene-Tox Program. Mutat. Res. 133: 199-244 [cited in IPCS, 1999].