Alexeeff, G.V., Kilgore, W.W. and Li, M.Y. 1990. Ethylene dibromide: Toxicology and risk assessment. Springer Verlag, New York, NY. pp. 49-122 [cited in IPCS, 1996].
Alper, M.D. and Ames, B.N. 1975. Positive selection of mutants with deletions of the gal-ch1 region of the salmonella chromosome as a screening procedure for mutagens that cause deletions. J. Bacteriol. 121:259-266 [cited in IPCS, 1996].
Ames, B.N. and Yanofsky C. 1971. The detection of chemical mutagens with enteric bacteria. In: Hollaender A ed. Chemical mutagens: Principles and methods for their detection. New York, London, Plenum Press, vol 1, pp 267-282 [cited in IPCS, 1996].
Amir, D. and Volcani, R. 1965. Effect of dietary ethylene dibromide on bull semen. Nature (London) 206: 99-100.
Arfellini, G., Bartoli, S., Colacci, A., Mazzullo, M., Galli, M.C., Prodi, G. and S. Grilli. 1984. In vivo and in vitro binding of 1,2-dibromoethane and 1,2-dichloroethane to macromolecules in rat and mouse organs. J. Cancer. Res. Clin. Oncol. 108: 204-213 [cited in IARC, 1999].
Asita, A.O., Hayashi, M., Kodama, Y., Matsuoka, A., Suzuki, T. and T. Sofuni. 1992. Micronucleated reticulocyte induction by ethylating agents in mice. Mutat. Res. 271:29-37 [cited in IPCS, 1996; IARC, 1999].
ATSDR (Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry). 1992. Toxicological profile for 1,2-dibromoethane. ATSDR, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Atlanta, Georgia. 148 pp. (TP-91/13).
Ballering, L.A.P., Nivard, M.J.M. and E.W. Vogel. 1993. Characterization of the genotoxic action of three structurally related 1,2-dihaloalkanes in Drosophila melanogaster. Mutat. Res. 285: 209-217 [cited in IPCS, 1996; IARC, 1999].
Ballering, L.A.P., Nivard, M.J.M. and E.W. Vogel. 1994. Mutation spectra of 1,2-dibromoethane, 1,2-dichloroethane and 1-bromo-2-chloroethane in excision repair proficient and repair deficient strains of Drosophila melanogaster. Carcinogenesis 15: 869-875 [cited in IARC, 1999].
Barber, E.D., Donish, W.H. and K.R. Mueller. 1981. A procedure for the quantitative measurement of the mutagenicity of volatile liquids in the Ames Salmonella/microsome assay. Mutat. Res. 90:31-48 [cited in IPCS, 1996; IARC, 1999].
Barber, E.D. and Donish, W.H. 1982. An exposure system for quantitative measurements of the microbial mutagenicity of volatile liquids. Measurements of microbial mutagenicity. In: Tice RR, Costa DL, & Schaich KM ed. Genotoxic effects of airborne agents. New York, London, Plenum Press, pp 3-18 [cited in IPCS, 1996].
Barnett, L.B., Lovell, D.P., Felton, C.F., Gibson, B.J., Cobb, R.R., Sharpe, D.S., Shelby, M.D. and S.E. Lewis. 1992. Ethylene dibromide: Negative results with the mouse dominant lethal assay and the electrophoretic specific-locus test. Mutat. Res. 282:127-133 [cited in IPCS, 1996; IARC, 1999].
Bentley, K.S. and Working, P.K. 1988. Activity of germ-cell mutagens and nonmutagens in the rat spermatocyte UDS assay. Mutat. Res. 282: 127-133 [cited in IARC, 1999].
Bjørge, C., Brunborg, G., Wiger, R., Holme, J.A., Scholz, T., Dybing, E. and Søderlund, E.J. 1996. A comparative study of chemically induced DNA damage in isolated and human and rat testicular cells. Reprod. Toxicol. 10: 509-519.
Bradley, M.O. and Dysart, G. 1985. DNA single-strand breaks, double-strand breaks, and cross-links in rat testicular germ cells: measurements of their formation and repair by alkaline and neutral filter elution. Cell. Biol. Toxicol. 1: 341-346 [cited in IARC, 1999].
Brem, H., Stein, A.B. and H.S. Rosenkranz. 1974. The mutagenicity and DNA-modifying effect of haloalkanes. Cancer Res. 34:2576-2579 [as cited in IPCS, 1996; IARC, 1999].
Brimer, P.A., Tan, E.-L. and A.W. Hsie. 1982. Effect of metabolic activation on the cytotoxicity and mutagenicity of 1,2-dibromoethane in the CHO/HGPRT system. Mutat. Res. 95: 377-388 [cited in IPCS, 1996; IARC, 1999].
Buijs, W., Van Der Gen, A., Mohn, G.R. and D.D. Breimer. 1984. The direct mutagenic activity of alpha,omega-dihalogenoalkanes in Salmonella typhimurium. Mutat. Res. 141:11-14 [cited in IPCS, 1996].
Cal. EPA (California Environmental Protection Agency). 1992. Indoor pollutant concentrations and exposures. California Air Resources Board (ARB Contract No. A833-156).
CEMC (Canadian Environmental Modelling Centre). 2003. ChemCAN: Level III fugacity model of regional fate of chemicals. Version 6.00, August 2003.
Channarayappa, Ong, T. and J. Nath. 1992. Cytogenetic effects of vincristine sulfate and ethylene dibromide in human peripheral lymphocytes: Micronucleus analysis. Environ. Mol. Mutagen. 20:117-126 [cited in IPCS, 1996; IARC, 1999].
Chevron. 2003. Material Safety Data Sheet: Aviation gasoline. Revision date: August 10, 2003 (MSDS 2647). ChevronTexaco Corporation.
http://www.chevrontexacoaviation.com/chevrontexacoaviation/
tgam_prod/documents/avi_gas.doc.
City of Toronto. 1990. The quality of drinking water in Toronto: a review of tap water, bottled water and water treated by a point-of-use device. Department of Public Health, Toronto, Ontario. 133 pp.
Clive, D., Johnson, K.O., Spector, J.F.S., Batson, A.G. and M.M.M. Brown. 1979. Validation and characterization of the L5178Y/TK+/-mouse lymphoma mutagen assay system. Mutat. Res. 59: 61-108 [cited in IPCS, 1996; IARC, 1999].
Cmarik, J.L., Inskeep, P.B., Meredith, M.J., Meyer, D.J., Ketterer, B. and F.P. Guengerich. 1990. Selectivity of rat and human glutathione S-transferases in activation of ethylene dibromide by glutathione conjugation and DNA binding and induction of unscheduled DNA synthesis in human hepatocytes. Cancer Res. 50: 2747-2752 [cited in IPCS, 1996; IARC, 1999].
CMHC (Canadian Mortgage and Housing Corporation). 1989. CMHC Kitchener townhouse study of soil gas ventilation as a remedial measure for methane entry into basements. CH2M Hill Engineering Ltd., Waterloo, Ontario. Prepared for Research Division, CMHC, Ottawa.
Cohen, M.A., Ryan, P.B., Yanagisawa, Y., Spengler, J.D., Özkaynak, H. and Epstein, P.S. 1989. Indoor-outdoor measurements of volatile organic compounds in the Kanawha Valley of West Virginia. J. Air Pollut. Control Assoc. 39: 1086-1093.
Colacci, A., Mazzulo, M., Arfellini, G., Prodi, G. and S. Grilli. 1985. In vitro microsome- and cytosol-mediated binding of 1,2-dichloroethane and 1,2-dibromoethane with DNA. Cell. Biol. Toxicol. 1: 45-55 [cited in IARC, 1999].
Colacci, A., Perocco, P., Vaccari, M., Da Via, C., Silingardi, P., Manzini, E., Horn, W., Bartoli, S. and S. Grilli. 1995. 1,2-Dibromoethane as an initiating agent for cell transformation. Jpn. J. Cancer Res. 86:168-173 [cited in IARC, 1999].
Crebelli, R., Conti, G., Conti, L. and A. Carere. 1984. Induction of somatic segregation by halogenated aliphatic hydrocarbons in Aspergillus nidulans. Mutat. Res. 138: 33-38 [cited in IPCS, 1996].
Crespi, C.L., Seixas, G.M., Turner, T.R., Ryan, C.G. and B.W. Penman. 1985. Mutagenicity of 1,2-dichloroethane and 1,2-dibromoethane in two human lymphoblastoid cell lines. Mutat. Res. 142: 133-140 [cited in IPCS, 1996; IARC, 1999].
De Serres, F.J. and Malling, H.V. 1983. The role of Neurospora in evaluating environmental chemicals for mutagenic activity. Ann. N.Y. Acad. Sci. 407: 177-185 [cited in IPCS, 1996].
Dobbins, J.G. 1987. Regulation and the use of "negative" results from human reproductive studies: The case of ethylene dibromide. Am. J. Ind. Med. 12: 33-45.
Dunkel, V.C., Zeiger, E., Brusick, D., McCoy, E., McGregor, D., Mortelmans, K., Rosenkranz, H.S. and V.F. Simmon. 1985. Reproducibility of microbial mutagenicity assays: Testing of carcinogens and noncarcinogens in Salmonella typhimurium and Escherichia coli. Environ. Mutagen. 7:1-248 [cited in IPCS, 1996; IARC, 1999].
EHD (Environmental Health Directorate). 1998. Exposure factors for assessing total daily intake of priority substances by the general population of Canada. Draft internal report. December 1998. Priority Substances Section, EHD, Health Canada, Ottawa.
Ehrenberg, L., Osterman-Golkar, S., Singh, D. and U. Lundqvist. 1974. On the reaction kinetics and mutagenic activity of methylating and beta-halogenoethylating gasoline additives. Radiat. Bot. 15: 185-194 [cited in IPCS, 1996].
Ellingham, T.J., Christensen, E.A. and M.B. Maddock. 1986. In vitro induction of sister chromatid exchanges and chromosomal aberrations in peripheral lymphocytes of the oyster toadfish and American eel. Environ. Mutagen. 8: 555-569 [cited in IPCS, 1996].
Elliott, B.M. and Ashby, J. 1980. Ethylene dibromide and disulfiram: studies in vivo an din vitro on the mechanism of the observed synergistic carcinogenic response. Carcinogenesis 1:1049-1057 [cited in IPCS, 1996; IARC, 1999].
Environment Canada. 1991. Measurement program for toxic contaminants in Canadian urban air: update and summary report. Environmental Technology Centre, Environment Canada (Report Series No. PMD 91-2).
Environment Canada. 1992. Detroit incinerator monitoring program: Data Report #6. Environmental Technology Centre, Pollution Measurement Division, Environment Canada, Ottawa (Report Series No. 92-1).
Environment Canada. 1994. Volatile organic compound measurements in the Greater Vancouver Regional District (GVRD) 1989-1992. Environmental Technology Centre, Pollution Measurement Division, Environment Canada, Ottawa (Report Series No. PMD 94-1).
Environment Canada. 1995. Volatile organic compounds in the ambient air of the province of Quebec (1989-1993). Atmospheric Pollution and Toxic Substances Control Division and Pollution Measurement Division, Quebec Region, Environment Canada.
Environment Canada. 2001a. Canadian Environmental Protection Act, 1999. Notice with respect to certain substances on the Domestic Substances List (DSL).
Canada Gazette, Part I, 135(46): 4194-4211.
http://canadagazette.gc.ca/partI/2001/20011117/pdf/g1-13546.pdf.
Environment Canada. 2001b. Personal communication from T. Dann, Analysis and Air Quality Division, Environment Canada, Ottawa, Ontario.
Environment Canada. 2002. Personal communication from T. Dann, Analysis and Air Quality Division, Environment Canada, Ottawa, Ontario.
Environment Canada. 2003a. Canadian Environmental Registry.
Regulations Amending the
Gasoline Regulations (SOR/2003-106).
http://www.ec.gc.ca/CEPARegistry/Regulations/
DetailReg.cfm?intReg=11&x=16&y=6
Environment Canada. 2003b. Personal communication from T. Dann, Analysis and Air Quality Division, Environment Canada, Ottawa, Ontario.
Epstein, S.S., Arnold, E., Andrea, J., Bass, W. and Y. Bishop. 1972. Detection of chemical mutagens by the dominant lethal assay in the mouse. Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol. 23: 288-325 [cited in IPCS, 1996; IARC, 1999].
Fahrig, R. 1974. Comparative mutagenicity studies with pesticides. In: Chemical carcinogenesis essays. Lyon, International Agency for Research on Cancer, pp 161-181 (IARC Scientific Publications No. 10) [cited in IPCS, 1996].
Fernandez, M., L'Haridon, J., Gauthier, L. and C. Zoll-Moreux. 1993. Amphibian micronucleus test(s): A simple and reliable method for evaluating in vivo genotoxic effects of freshwater pollutants and radiations. Initial assessment. Mutat. Res. 292: 83-99 [cited in IPCS, 1996; IARC, 1999].
Ferreri, A.M., Rocchi, P., Capucci, A. and G. Prodi. 1983. Induction of diphtheria toxin-resistant mutants in human cells by halogenated compounds. J. Cancer Res. Clin. Oncol. 105: 111-112 [cited in IPCS, 1996; IARC, 1999].
Foster, P.L., Wilkinson, W.G., Miller, J.K., Sullivan, A.D. and W.M. Barnes. 1988. An analysis of the mutagenicity of 1,2-dibromoethane to Escherichia coli: influence of DNA repair activities and metabolic pathways. Mutat. Res. 194: 171-181 [cited in IPCS, 1996].
Foureman, P., Mason, J.M. Valencia, R. and S. Zimmering. 1994. Chemical mutagenesis testing in Drosophila. X. Results of 70 coded chemicals tested for the National Toxicology Program. Environ. Mol. Mutag. 23: 208-227 [cited in IARC, 1999].
Golder Associates. 1987. Testing of specific organic compounds in soils in background in urban areas; Port Credit and Oakville/Burlington, ON. Draft working paper to Shell Canada Ltd. and Texaco Canada Ltd., Mississauga, Ontario.
Graf, U., Wurgler, F.E., Katz, A.J., Frei, H., Juon, H., Hall, C.B. and P.G. Kale. 1984. Somatic mutation and recombination test in Drosophila melanogaster. Environ. Mutagen. 6: 153-188 [cited in IPCS, 1996].
Gunderson, E. L. 1988. FDA total diet study, April 1982 - April 1986, dietary intakes of pesticides, selected elements, and other chemicals. Data Tables. Food and Drug Administration, Division of Contaminants Chemistry, Washington, DC.
Guobaitis, R.J., Ellingham, T.J. and M.B. Maddock. 1986. The effects of pretreatment with cytochrome P-450 inducers and preincubation with a cytochrome P-450 effector on the mutagenicity of genotoxic carcinogens mediated by hepatic and renal S9 from two species of marine fish. Mutat. Res. 164:59-70 [cited in IPCS, 1996].
Hayes, S., Gordon, A., Sadowski, I. and C. Hayes. 1984. RK bacterial test for independently measuring chemical toxicity and mutagenicity: Short-term forward selection assay. Mutat. Res. 130: 97-106 [cited in IPCS, 1996].
Health Canada. 1994. Canadian Environmental Protection Act.
Human Health Risk Assessment for Priority Substances.
Health Canada, Ottawa, Ontario. ISBN 0-662-22126-5.
http://www.hc-sc.gc.ca/ewh-semt/alt_formats/hecs-sesc/pdf/pubs/contaminants/existsub/approach/approach_e.pdf
Health Canada. 2003. Personal communication from J. Zhu, Chemistry Research Division, Health Canada, Ottawa, Ontario.
Hemminki, K., Falck, K. and H. Vainio. 1980. Comparison of alkylation rates and mutagenicity of directly acting industrial and laboratory chemicals. Arch. Toxicol. 46: 277-285 [cited in IPCS, 1996].
Hughes, T.J., Simmons, D.M., Monteith, L.G. and L.D. Claxton. 1987. Vaporization technique to measure mutagenic activity of volatile organic chemicals in the Ames/Salmonella assay. Environ. Mutagen. 9:421-441 [cited in IPCS, 1996].
IARC (International Agency for Research on Cancer). 1999. Re-evaluation of some organic chemicals, hydrazine and hydrogen peroxide (Part 2). IARC, World Health Organization, Lyon, France. pp. 641-669 (IARC Monographs on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, Vol. 71).
Inskeep, P.B., Koga, N., Cmarik, J.L. and F.P. Guengerich. 1986. Covalent binding of 1,2-dihaloalkanes to DNA and stability of the major DNA adduct, S-[2-(N7-guanyl)ethyl]glutathione1. Cancer Res. 46: 2839-2844 [cited in IPCS, 1996; IARC, 1999].
IPCS (International Programme on Chemical Safety). 1996. 1,2-Dibromoethane. World Health Organization, Geneva (Environmental Health Criteria 177).
Ivett, J.L., Brown, B.M., Rodgers, C., Anderson, B.E., Resnick, M.A. and E. Zeiger. 1989. Chromosomal aberrations and sister chromatid exchange tests in Chinese hamster ovary cells. IV. Results with 15 chemicals in vitro. Environ. Mol. Mutag. 14:165-187 [cited in IARC, 1999].
Izutani, K., Nakata, A., Shinagawa, H. and J. Kawamata. 1980. Forward mutation assay for screening carcinogens by alkaline phosphatase constitutive mutations in Escherichia coli K-12. J. Res. Inst. Microb. Dis. (Biken. J.) 23: 69-75[cited in IPCS, 1996; IARC, 1999].
Jacobs, R.S. 1985. Ethylene dibromide poisoning. J. Am. Med. Assoc. 253: 2961 [cited in IPCS, 1996].
Kale, P.G. and Baum, J.W. 1979a. Sensitivity of Drosophila melanogaster to low concentrations of the gaseous 1,2-dibromoethane: I. Acute exposures. Environ. Mutagen. 1: 15-18 [cited in IPCS, 1996; IARC, 1999].
Kale, P.G. and Baum, J.W. 1979b. Sensitivity of Drosophila melanogaster to low concentrations of gaseous mutagens: II. Chronic exposures. Mutat. Res. 68: 59-68 [cited in IPCS, 1996; IARC, 1999].
Kale, P.G. and Baum, JW. 1981. Sensitivity of Drosophila melanogaster to low concentrations of gaseous mutagens: III. Dose-rate effects. Environ. Mutagen. 3: 65-70 [cited in IPCS, 1996; IARC, 1999].
Kale, P.G. and Baum, J.W. 1982. Genetic effects of ethylene dibromide in Drosophila melanogaster. In: Tice RR, Costa DL, & Schaich KM ed.Genotoxic effects of airborne agents. New York, London, Plenum Press, pp 291-300 [cited in IPCS, 1996].
Kale, P.G. and Baum, J.W. 1983. Sensitivity of Drosophila melanogaster to low concentrations of gaseous mutagens: IV. Mutations in embryonic spermatogonia. Mutat. Res. 113: 135-143 [cited in IPCS, 1996; IARC, 1999].
Kale, P. and Kale, R. 1995. Induction of delayed mutations by benzene and ethylene dibromide in Drosophila. Environ. Mol. Mutag. 25:.211-215 [cited in IPCS, 1996; IARC, 1999].
Kerklaan, P., Bouter, S. and G. Mohn. 1983. Isolation of a mutant of Salmonella typhimurium strain TA1535 with decreased levels of glutathione (GSH-): Primary characterization and chemical mutagenesis studies. Mutat. Res. 122:257-266 [cited in IPCS, 1996].
Kerklaan, P., Zoetemelk, C.E.M. and G.R. Mohn. 1985. Mutagenic activity of various chemicals in Salmonella strain TA100 and glutathione-deficient derivatives: On the role of glutathione in the detoxification or activation of mutagens inside bacterial cells. Biochem. Pharmacol. 34:2151-2156 [cited in IPCS, 1996]
Kim, D.H. and F.P Guengerich. 1990. Formation of the DNA adduct S-[2-(N7-guanyl)ethyl] glutathione as an adduct formed in RNA and DNA from 1,2-dibromoethane. Chem. Res. Toxicol. 3: 587-594 [cited in IPCS, 1996; IARC, 1999].
Kitchin, K.T. and Brown, J.L. 1994. Dose-response relationship for rat liver DNA damage caused by 49 rodent carcinogens. Toxicology 88: 31-49 [cited in IARC, 1999].
Koptagel, E. and Bulut, H.E. 1998. Effects of short-term hydrocarbon inhalation on rat tracheal mucosa. Okajimas Folia Anat. Jpn. 75: 71-86.
Krishna, G., Xu, J., Nath, J., Petersen, M. and T. Ong. 1985. In vivo cytogenetic studies on mice exposed to ethylene dibromide. Mutat. Res. 158: 81-87 [cited in IPCS, 1996; IARC, 1999].
Kubinski, H., Gutzke, G.E. and Z.O. Kubinski. 1981. DNA-cell-binding (DCB) assay for suspected carcinogens and mutagens. Mutat. Res. 89: 95-136 [cited in IPCS, 1996].
Letz, G.A., Pond, S.M., Osterloh, J.D., Wade, R.L. and Becker, C.E. 1984. Two fatalities after acute occupational exposure to ethylene dibromide. J. Am. Med. Assoc. 252(17): 2428-2431 [cited in IPCS, 1996; IARC, 1999].
LHASA Ltd. 2002. DEREK for Windows. Version 6.0.0. Department of Chemistry, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK.
Ma, T.-H., Sparrow, A.H., Schairer, L.A. and A.F. Nauman. 1978. Effect of 1,2 dibromoethane (EDB) on meiotic chromosomes of Tradescantia. Mutat. Res. 58: 251-258 [cited in IPCS, 1996; IARC, 1999].
Ma, T.-H., Harris, M.M., Anderson, V.A., Ahmed, I., Mohammad, K., Bare, J.L. and G. Lin. 1984. Tradescantia-micronucleus (Trad-MCN) tests on 140 health- related agents. Mutat. Res. 138: 157-167 [cited in IPCS, 1996; IARC, 1999].
McCann, J., Choi, E., Yamasaki, E. and B.N. Ames. 1975. Detection of carcinogens as mutagens in the Salmonella/microsome test: Assay of 300 chemicals. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. (USA). 72:5135-5139 [cited in IPCS, 1996; IARC, 1999].
Mehrotra, P., Naik, S.R. and Choudhuri, G. 2001. Two cases of ethylene dibromide poisoning. Vet. Hum. Toxicol. 43: 91-92.
Meneghini, R. 1974. Repair replication of opossum lymphocyte DNA: effect of compounds that bind to DNA. Chem.-Biol. Interact. 8: 113-126 [cited in IPCS, 1996].
Mohn, G.R., Kerklaan, P.R.M., Van Zeeland, A.A., Ellenberger, J., Baan, R.A., Lohman, P.H.M. and F.-W. Pons. 1984. Methodologies for the determination of various genetic effects in permeable strains of E. coli K-12 differing in DNA repair capacity: Quantification of DNA adduct formation, experiments with organ homogenates and hepatocytes, and animal- mediated assays. Mutat. Res. 125: 153-184 [cited in IPCS, 1996; IARC, 1999].
Moriya, M., Ohta, T., Watanabe, K., Miyazawa, T., Kato, K. and Y. Shirasu. 1983. Further mutagenicity studies on pesticides in bacterial reversion assay systems. Mutat. Res. 116:185-216 [cited in IPCS, 1996; IARC, 1999].
Nachtomi, E. and Sarma, D.S.R. 1977. Repair of rat liver DNA in vivo damaged by ethylene dibromide. Biochem. Pharmacol. 26: 1941-1945 [cited in IPCS, 1996; IARC, 1999].
National Toxicology Program (1993). Database
(http://ntp-apps.niehs.nih.gov/ntp_tox/index.cfm) study number 738945.
National Toxicology Program (1992). Database
(http://ntp-apps.niehs.nih.gov/ntp_tox/index.cfm) study number 738945.
Nauman, C.H., Sparrow, A.H. and L.A. Schairer. 1976. Comparative effects of ionizing radiation and two gaseous chemical mutagens on somatic mutation induction in one mutable and two non-mutable clones of Tradescantia. Mutat. Res. 38: 53-70 [cited in IPCS, 1996].
NCI (National Cancer Institute). 1978. Bioassay of 1,2-dibromoethane for possible carcinogenicity. Carcinogenesis Testing Program, Division of Cancer Cause and Prevention, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland. 64 pp. (Technical Report Series No. 86; DHEW Publication No. (NIH) 78-1336).
NHW (Department of National Health and Welfare). 1990. Present patterns and trends in infant feeding in Canada. Department of National Health and Welfare, Ottawa. 9 pp. (Catalogue No. H39-199/1990E; ISBN 0-662-18397-5) [cited in EHD, 1998].
Nitschke, K.D., Kociba, R.J., Keyes, D.G. and McKenna, M.J. 1981. A thirteen week repeated inhalation study of ethylene dibromide in rats. Fundam. Appl. Toxicol. 1: 437-442 [cited in IPCS, 1996; IARC, 1999].
Novotná, B. and M. Duverger-van Bogaert. 1994. Role of kidney S9 in the mutagenic properties of 1,2-dibromoethane. Toxicol. Lett. 74: 255-263 [cited in IARC, 1999].
NTP (National Toxicology Program). 1982. Carcinogenesis bioassay of 1,2-dibromoethane in F344 rats and B6C3F1 mice (inhalation study). National Toxicology Program, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina. 163 pp. (NTP Technical Report Series No. 210).
Oda, Y., Yamazaki, H., Thier, R., Ketterer, B., Guengerich, F.P. and T. Shimada. 1996. A new Salmonella typhimurium NM5004 strain expressing rat glutathione S-transferase 5-5: use in detection of genotoxicity of dihaloalkanes using an SOS/umu test system. Carcinogenesis 17: 297-302 [cited in IARC, 1999]
Ohta, T., Nakamura, N., Moriya, M., Shirasu, Y. and T. Kada. 1984. The SOS-function-inducing activity of chemical mutagens in Escherichia coli. Mutat. Res. 131: 101-109 [cited in IPCS, 1996].
OME (Ontario Ministry of the Environment). 1988. Drinking water surveillance program: Ottawa (Lemieux Island) water treatment plant. Annual report, 1987. OME, Toronto, Ontario.
OMEE (Ontario Ministry of Environment and Energy). 1993. Ontario typical range of chemical parameters in soil, vegetation, moss bags and snow. Phytotoxicology Section, Standards Development Branch, OMEE, Toronto, Ontario (ISBN 0-7778-1979-1).
OMEE (Ontario Ministry of Environment and Energy). 1994. Windsor air quality study: ambient air monitoring activities. OMEE, Toronto, Ontario (ISBN 0-7778-3491-X).
Ong, T.-M., Stewart, J.D., Wen, Y.-F. and W.-Z. Whong. 1987. Application of SOS umu-test for the detection of genotoxic volatile chemicals and air pollutants. Environ. Mutagen. 9: 171-176 [cited in IPCS, 1996; IARC, 1999].
Ong, T.-M., Stewart, J.D., Tucker, J.D. and W.-Z. Whong. 1989. Development of an in situ test system for detection of mutagens in the workplace. In: Waters MD, Sandhu SS, Lewtas J, Claxton L, Strauss G, & Nesnow S, ed. Short-term bioassays in the analysis of complex environmental mixtures, IV. New York, Plenum Publishing Corporation, pp 25-36 [cited in IPCS, 1996].
Otson, R. 1986. Surveys of selected organics in residential air. In: Walkinshaw, D.S. (ed.), Indoor air quality in cold climates. Air Pollution Control Association, Ottawa.
Ott, M.G., Scharnweber, H.C. and Langner, R.R. 1980. Mortality experience of 161 employees exposed to ethylene dibromide in two production units. Br. J. Ind. Med. 37: 163-168 [cited in IPCS, 1996; IARC, 1999].
Patriarche, J. and Campbell, I.D. 1999. Alkyl Lead Inventory Study. Sources, Uses and Releases in Ontario, Canada - A Preliminary Review. Prepared by Patriarche & Associates for Environmental Contaminants & Nuclear Programs Division, Environmental Protection Branch - Ontario Region, Environment Canada, 47 pp.
Peoples, S.A., Maddy, K.T. and Riddle, L.C. 1978. Human occupational health problems resulting from exposure to ethylene dibromide in California in 1975 and 1976. Vet. Hum. Toxicol. 20: 241-244 [cited in IPCS, 1996; IARC, 1999].
Perocco, P. and Prodi, G. 1981. DNA damage by haloalkanes in human lymphocytes cultured in vitro. Cancer Lett. 13: 213-218 [cited in IPCS, 1996].
Perocco, P., Colacci, A., Santucci, M.A., Vaccari, M. and S. Grilli. 1991. Transforming activity of ethylene dibromide in BALB/c 3T3 cells. Res. Commun. Chem. Pathol. Parmacol. 73(2): 159-172 [cited in IPCS, 1996; IARC, 1999].
Prakash, M.S., Sud, K., Kohli, H.S., Jha, V., Gupta, K.L. and Sakhuja, V. 1999. Ethylene dibromide poisoning with acute renal failure: first reported case with non-fatal outcome. Renal Failure 21: 219-222.
Principe, P., Dogliotti, E., Bignami, M., Crebelli, R., Falcone, E., Fabrizi, M., Conti, G. and P. Comba. 1981. Mutagenicity of chemicals of industrial and agricultural relevance in Salmonella, Streptomyces and Aspergillus. J. Sci. Food Agric. 32:826-832 [cited in IPCS, 1996; IARC, 1999].
Prodi, G., Arfellini, G., Colacci, A., Grilli, S. and M. Mazzullo. 1986. Interaction of halocompounds with nucleic acids. Symposium 14: 438-444 [cited in IARC, 1999].
Quillardet, P., De Bellecombe, C. and M. Hofnung. 1985. The SOS chromotest, a colorimetric bacterial assay for genotoxins: validation study with 83 compounds. Mutat. Res. 147: 79-95 [cited in IPCS, 1996; IARC, 1999].
Raman, P.G. and Sain, T. 1999. Clinical profile of ethylene di-bromide (EDB; 1,2 dibromo ethane) poisoning. J. Assoc. Physicians India 47: 712-713.
Rannug, U. and Beije, B. 1979. The mutagenic effect of 1,2-dichloroethane on Salmonella typhimurium. II. Activation by the isolated perfused rat liver. Chem.-Biol. Interact. 24:265-285 [cited in IPCS, 1996].
Ratajczak, H.V., Aranyi, C., Bradof, J.N., Barbera, P., Fugmann, R., Fenters, J.D. and Thomas, P.T. 1994. Ethylene dibromide: Evidence of systemic and immunologic toxicity without impairment of in vivo host defenses. In Vivo 8: 879-884.
Ratajczak, H.V., Thomas, P.T., Gerhart, J. and Sothern, R.B. 1995. Immunotoxicologic effects of ethylene dibromide in the mouse and their modulation by the estrous cycle. In Vivo 9: 299-304.
Ratcliffe, J.M., Schrader, S.M., Steenland, K., Clapp, D.E., Turner, T. and Hornung, R.W. 1987. Semen quality in papaya workers with long term exposure to ethylene dibromide. Br. J. Ind. Med. 44: 317-326 [cited in IPCS, 1996; IARC, 1999].
Reznik, G., Stinson, S.F. and Ward, G.M. 1980. Respiratory pathology in rats and mice after inhalation of 1,2-dibromo-3-chloropropane or 1,2-dibromoethane for 13 weeks. Arch. Toxicol. 46: 233-240.
Roldán-Arjona, T., Garcia-Pedrajas, M.D., Luque-Romero, F.L., Hera, C. and C. Pueyo. 1991. An association between mutagenicity of the Ara test of Salmonella typhimurium and carcinogenicity in rodents for 16 halogenated aliphatic hydrocarbons. Mutagenesis 6: 199-205 [cited in IARC, 1999].
Rowe, V.K., Spencer, H.C., McCollister, D.D., Hollingsworth, R.L. and Adams, E.M. 1952. Toxicity of ethylene dibromide determined on experimental animals. Am. Med. Assoc. Arch. Ind. Hyg. Occup. Med. 6: 158-173 [cited in IPCS, 1996].
Rosenkranz, H.S. 1977. Mutagenicity of halogenated alkanes and their derivatives. Environ. Health Perspect. 21:79-84 [cited in IPCS, 1996].
Russell W.L. 1986. Positive genetic hazard predictions from short-term tests have proved false for results in mammalian spermatogonia with all environmental chemicals so far tested. In: Genetic toxicology of environmental chemicals - Part B: Genetic effects and applied mutagenesis. New York, Alan R. Liss Inc., pp 67-74 [cited in IPCS, 1996].
Sarawat, P.K., Kandara, M., Dhurva, A.K., Malhotra, V.K. and Jhanwar, R.S. 1986. Poisoning by ethylene dibromide -- six cases: A clinicopathological and toxicological study. Indian J. Med. Sci. 40: 121-123 [cited in IPCS, 1996].
Sasaki, Y.F., Saga, A., Akasaka, M., Ishibashi, S., Yoshida, K., Su, Y.Q., Matsusaka, N. and Tsuda, S. 1998. Detection of in vivo genotoxicity of haloalkanes and haloalkenes carcinogenic to rodents by the alkaline single cell gel electrophoresis (comet) assay in multiple mouse organs. Mutat. Res. 419: 13-20.
Schrader, S.M., Ratcliffe, J.M., Turner, T.W. and Hornung, R.W. 1987. The use of new field methods of semen analysis in the study of occupational hazards to reproduction: the example of ethylene dibromide. J. Occup. Med. 29: 963-966 [cited in IPCS, 1996].
Schrader, S.M., Turner, T.W. and Ratcliffe, J.M. 1988. The effects of ethylene dibromide on semen quality: A comparison of short-term and chronic exposure. Reprod. Toxicol. 2: 191-198 [cited in IPCS, 1996; IARC, 1999].
Scott, B.R., Sparrow, A.H., Schwemmer, S.S. and L.A. Schairer. 1978. Plant metabolic activation of 1,2-dibromoethane (EDB) to a mutagen of greater potency. Mutat. Res. 49: 203-212 [cited in IPCS (1996); IARC (1999)].
Sega, G.A. and Rene, E. 1980. Chemical dosimetry and unscheduled DNA synthesis studies of ethylene dibromide in the germ cells of male mice. Environ. Mutagen. 5: 274 [cited in IPCS, 1996].
Shiau, S.Y., Huff, R.A., Wells, B.C. and I.C. Felkner. 1980. Mutagenicity and DNA-damaging activity for several pesticides tested with Bacillus subtilis mutants. Mutat. Res. 71:169-179 [cited in IPCS, 1996].
Shivanandappa, T., Krishnakumari, M.K. and Majumder, S.K. 1987. Reproductive potential of male rats fed dietary ethylene dibromide. J. Food Saf. 8: 147-155 [cited in IPCS, 1996].
Short, R.D., Minor, J.L., Winston, J.M., Seifter, J. and Lee, C.C. 1978. Inhalation of ethylene dibromide during gestation by rats and mice. Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol. 46: 173-182.
Short, R.D., Winston, J.M., Hong, C.B., Minor, J.L., Lee, C.C. and Seifter, J. 1979. Effects of ethylene dibromide on reproduction in male and female rats. Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol. 49: 97-105 [cited in IPCS, 1996; IARC, 1999].
Simula, T.P., Glancey, M.J. and C.R. Wolf. 1993. Human glutathione S-transferase-expressing Salmonella typhimurium tester strains to study the activation/detoxification of mutagenic compounds: studies with halogenated compounds, aromatic amines and aflatoxin B1. Carcinogenesis 14: 1371-1376 [cited in IPCS, 1996; IARC, 1999].
Sina, J.F., Bean, C.L., Dysart, G.R., Taylor, V.I. and M.O. Bradley. 1983. Evaluation of the alkaline elution/rat hepatocyte assay as a predictor of carcinogenic/mutagenic potential. Mutat. Res. 113: 357-391 [cited in IPCS, 1996; IARC, 1999].
Singh, S., Chaudhry, D., Garg, M. and Sharma, B.K. 1993. Fatal ethylene dibromide ingestion. J. Assoc. Physicians India 41: 608 [cited in IARC, 1999].
Smith, R.F. and Goldman, L. 1983. Behavioral effects of prenatal exposure to ethylene dibromide. Neurobehav. Toxicol. Teratol. 5: 579-585.
Sparrow, A.H., Schairer, L.A. and R. Villalobos-Pietrini. 1974. Comparison of somatic mutation rates induced in Tradescantia by chemical and physical mutagens. Mutat. Res. 26: 265-276 [cited in IPCS, 1996].
Steenland, K., Carrano, A., Ratcliffe, J., Clapp, D., Ashworth, L. and Meinhardt, T. 1985. Cytogenetic studies in humans after short term exposure to ethylene dibromide. J. Occup. Med. 27: 729-732 [cited in IARC, 1999].
Steenland, K., Carrano, A., Ratcliffe, J., Clapp, D., Ashworth, L. and Meinhardt, T. 1986. A cytogenetic study of papaya workers exposed to ethylene dibromide. Mutat. Res. 170: 151-160 [cited in IPCS, 1996; IARC, 1999].
Stinson, S.F., Reznik, G. and Ward, J.M. 1981. Characteristics of proliferative lesions in the nasal cavities of mice following chronic inhalation of 1,2-dibromoethane. Cancer Lett. 12: 121-129 [cited in IPCS, 1996; IARC, 1999].
Stolzenberg, S.J. and Hine, C.H. 1980. Mutagenicity of 2-and 3-carbon halogenated compounds in the Salmonella/mammalian-microsome test. Environ, Mutagen, 2:59-66 [cited in IPCS, 1996; IARC, 1999].
Storer, R.D. and Conolly, R.B. 1983. Comparative in vivo genotoxicity and acute hepatotoxicity of three 1,2-dihaloethanes. Carcinogenesis 4(11): 1491-1494 [cited in IPCS, 1996; IARC, 1999].
Sugiyama, H. 1980. Effects of EDB (1,2-dibromoethane) on the silkworm (Bombyx mori L.). J. Pestic. Sci. 5: 599-602 [cited in IPCS, 1996].
Tan, E.-L. and Hsie, A.W. 1981. Mutagenicity and cytotoxicity of haloethanes as studied in the CHO/HGPRT system. Mutat. Res. 90: 183-191 [cited in IPCS, 1996; IARC, 1999]
Teaf, C.M., Bishop, J.B. and R.D. Harbison. 1990. Potentiation of ethyl methanesulfonate induced germ cell mutagenesis and depression of glutathione in male reproductive tissues by 1,2-dibromoethane. Teratog. Carcinog. Mutag. 10: 427-438 [cited in IARC, 1999].
Tennant, R.W., Stasiewicz, S. and J.W. Spalding. 1986. Comparison of multiple parameters of rodent carcinogenicity and in vitro genetic toxicity. Environ. Mutagen. 8:205-227[cited in IPCS, 1996].
Tennant, R.W., Margolin, B.H., Shelby, M.D., Zeiger, E., Haseman, J.K., Spalding, J., Caspary, W., Resnick, M., Stasiewicz, S., Anderson, B. and R. Minor. 1987. Prediction of chemical carcinogenicity in rodents from in vitro genetic toxicity assays. Science 236:933-941 [cited in IPCS, 1996].
Teramoto, S., Saito, R., Aoyama, H. and Y. Shirasu. 1980. Dominant lethal mutation induced in male rats by 1,2-dibromo-3-chloropropane (DBCP). Mutat. Res. 77: 71-78 [cited in IPCS, 1996; IARC, 1999].
Ter Haar, G. 1980. An investigation of possible sterility and health effects from exposure to ethylene dibromide. In: Ames, B., Infante, O. and Peirtz, R. (eds.), Ethylene dichloride: A potential health risk? Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, New York. pp. 167-188 (Banbury Report No. 5) [cited in IPCS, 1996].
Tezuka, H., Ando, N., Suzuki, R., Terahata, M., Moriya, M. and Y. Shirasu. 1980. Sister-chromatid exchanges and chromosomal aberrations in cultured Chinese hamster cells treated with pesticides positive in microbial reversion assays. Mutat. Res. 78: 177-191 [cited in IPCS, 1996; IARC, 1999].
Thier, R., Pemble, S.E., Kramer, H., Taylor, J.B., Guengerich, F.P. and B. Ketterer. 1996. Human glutathione S-transferase T1-1 enhances mutagenicity of 1,2-dibromoethane, bromomethane and 1,2,3,4-diepoxybutane in Salmonella typhimurium. Carcinogenesis. 17: 163-166 [cited in IARC, 1999].
Tucker, J.D., Xu, J., Stewart, J. and T.-M. Ong. 1984. Detection of sister-chromatid exchanges in human peripheral lymphocytes induced by ethylene dibromide vapor. Mutat. Res. 138: 93-98 [cited in IPCS, 1996; IARC, 1999].
UNEP (United Nations Environment Programme). 2003.
Interim Secretariat for the Rotterdam Convention on the Prior Informed Consent Procedure for Certain Hazardous Chemicals and Pesticides in International Trade.
PIC Circular XVIII, December 2003.
http://www.pic.int/en/Circular/CIRC18EN.pdf.
U.S. FDA (U.S. Food and Drug Administration). 2003.
Food and Drug Administration
Total Diet Study; summary of resiues found ordered by pesticide market baskets 91-3-01-4.
http://www.cfsan.fda.gov/~acrobat/tds1byps.pdf.
Van Bladeren, P.J., Breimer, D.D., Rotteveel-Smijs, G.M.T., De Jong, R.A.W., Buus, W., Van Der Gen, A. and G.R. Mohn. 1980. The role of glutathione conjugation in the mutagenicity of 1,2-dibromoethane. Biochem. Pharmacol. 29:2975-2982 [as cited in IPCS, 1996].
Van Bladeren, P.J., Breimer, D.D., Rotteveel-Smijs, G.M.T., De Knijff, P., Mohn, G.T., Van Meeteren-Walchli, B.,
Buijs, W. and A. Van der Gen. 1981. The relation between the structure of vicinal dihalogen compounds and their mutagenic activation via conjugation to glutathione. Carcinogenesis 2(6):499-505 [cited in IPCS, 1996; IARC, 1999].
Van Duuren, B.L., Goldschmidt, B.M., Loewengart, G., Smith, A.C., Melchlonne, S., Seldman, I. and Roth, D. 1979. Carcinogenicity of halogenated olefinic and aliphatic hydrocarbons in mice. J. Natl. Cancer Inst. 63(6): 1433-1439.
Van Duuren, B.L., Seidman, I., Melchionne, S. and Kline, S.A. 1985. Carcinogenicity bioassays of bromoacetaldehyde and bromoethanol -- potential metabolites of dibromoethane. Teratogen. Carcinogen. Mutagen. 5: 393-403.
Vant'Hof, J. and Schairer, L.A. 1982. Tradescantia assay system for gaseous mutagens: A report of the US Environmental Protection Agency Gene-Tox Program. Mutat. Res. 99: 303-315 [cited in IPCS, 1996].
Vogel, E. and Chandler, J.L.R. 1974. Mutagenicity testing of cyclamate and some pesticides in Drosophila melanogaster. Experientia (Basel) 30: 621-623 [cited in IPCS, 1996; IARC, 1999].
Von Buselmaier. W., Rohrborn, G. and P. Propping. 1972. [Mutagenicity investigations with pesticides in the host mediated assay and the dominant lethal test in mice.] Biol. Zent. bl. 91: 311-325 (in German) [cited in IPCS, 1996].
Watanabe, K., Sasaki, T. and Kawakami, K. 1998. Comparisons of chemically-induced mutation among four bacterial strains, Salmonella typhimurium TA102 and TA2638, and Escherichia coli WP2/pKM101 and WP2 uvrA/pKM101: collaborative study III and evaluation of the usefulness of these strains. Mutat. Res. 416: 169-181.
White, R.D., Sipes, I.G., Gandolfi, A.J. and G.T. Bowden. 1981. Characterization of the hepatic DNA damage caused by 1,2-dibromoethane using the alkaline elution technique. Carcinogenesis 2: 839-844 [cited in IARC, 1999].
White, R.D. 1982. Chemical induction of genetic injury: The bioactivation of 1,2-dibromoethane. Diss. Abstr. Int. 43(03): 696B-697B [cited in IPCS, 1996].
Wildeman, A.G. and Nazar, R.N. 1982. Significance of plant metabolism in the mutagenicity and toxicity of pesticides. Can. J. Genet. Cytol. 24: 437-449 [cited in IPCS, 1996].
Williams, G.M., Laspia, M.F. and V.C. Dunkel. 1982. Reliability of the hepatocyte primary culture/DNA repair test in testing of coded carcinogens and noncarcinogens. Mutat. Res. 97: 359-370 [cited in IPCS, 1996; IARC, 1999].
Witt, K.L., Knapton, A., Wehr, C.M., Hook, G.J., Mirsalis, J., Shelby, M.D. and J.T. MacGregor. 2000. Micronucleated erythrocyte frequency in peripheral blood of B6C3F1 mice from shor-term, prechronic, and chronic studies of the NTP Carcinogenesis Bioassay Program. Environ. Molec. Mutagen. 36: 163-194 [data cited from
National Toxicology Program Database
http://ntp-apps.niehs.nih.gov/ntp_tox/index.cfm, study number A71010]
Wong, L.C.K., Winston, J.M., Hong, C.B. and Plotnick, H. 1982. Carcinogenicity and toxicity of 1,2-dibromoethane in the rat. Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol. 63: 155-165.
Wong, O., Morgan, R.W. and Whorton, M.D. 1985. An epidemiologic surveillance program for evaluating occupational reproductive hazards. Am. J. Ind. Med. 7: 295-306.
Working, P.K., Smith-Oliver, T., White, R.D. and B.E. Butterworth. 1986. Induction of DNA repair in rat spermatocytes and hepatocytes by 1,2-dibromoethane: the role of glutathione conjugation. Carcinogenesis 7(3): 467-472 [cited in IPCS, 1996; IARC, 1999].
Yoshida, Y.H. and Inagaki, E. 1986. [Mutagenicity of ethylene dibromide in Drosophila melanogaster]. Tachikawa Tandai Kiyo 19: 49-50 (in Japanese) [cited in IPCS, 1996].
Zeiger, E., Anderson, B., Haworth, S., Lawlor, T. and K. Mortelman. 1992. Salmonella mutagenicity tests V. Results from the testing of 311 chemicals. Environ. Molec. Mutagen. 19(Suppl 21): 2-141 [data cited from
National Toxicology Program Database
http://ntp-apps.niehs.nih.gov/ntp_tox/index.cfm, study number 529327]
Zoetemelk, C.E.M., Mohn, G.R., Van Der Gen, A. and D.D. Breimer. 1987. Mutagenicity in Salmonella strains differing in glutathione content and their alkylating potential. Biochem. Pharmacol. 36(11):1829-1835 [cited in IPCS, 1996].