State of the Science Report for Ethylbenzene

References

Andersson, K., K. Fuxe, O.G. Nilsen, R. Toftgård, P. Eneroth and J.Å. Gustafsson. 1981. Production of discrete changes in dopamine and noradrenaline levels and turnover in various parts of the rat brain following exposure to xylene, ortho -, meta -,and para -xylene, and ethylbenzene. Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol. 60: 535-548 [cited in IPCS, 1996; IARC, 2000].

ATSDR (Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry). 1999. Toxicological profile for ethylbenzene (update). U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Atlanta, Georgia.

Bell, R.W., R.E. Chapman, B.D. Kruschel, M.J. Spencer, K.V. Smith and M.A. Lusis. 1991. The 1990 Toronto Personal Exposure Pilot (PEP) Study. Air Resources Branch, Ontario Ministry of the Environment, Toronto, Ontario.

Cappaert, N.L.M., S.F.L. Klis, H. Muijner, J.C.M.J. De Groot, B.M. Kulig and G.F. Smoorenburg. 1999. The ototoxic effects of ethylbenzene in rats. Hearing Res. 137(1-2): 91-102.

CH2M Hill Engineering Ltd. 1989. CMHC Kitchener townhouse study of soil gas ventilation as a remedial measure for methane entry into basements. Waterloo, Ontario.

Chan, C.C., L. Vainer and J.W. Martin. 1990. Determination of organic contaminants in residential indoor air using an adsorption-thermal desorption technique. J. Air Waste Manage. Assoc. 40: 62-67.

Chan, P.C., J.K. Hasemani, J. Mahleri and C. Aranyi. 1998. Tumor induction in F344/N rats and B6C3F1 mice following inhalation exposure to ethylbenzene. Toxicol. Lett. 99(1): 23-32.

City of Toronto. 1990. The quality of drinking water in Toronto. A review of tap water, bottled water and water treated by a point-of-use device. Department of Public Health, City of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario.

City of Toronto. 2002. Water quality quarterly report January-March 2002. Water and Wastewater Services, City of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario.

Cragg, S.T., E.A. Clarke, I.W. Daly, R.R. Miller, J.B. Terrill and R.E. Ouellette. 1989. Subchronic inhalation toxicity of ethylbenzene in mice, rats, and rabbits. Fundam. Appl. Toxicol. 13(3): 399-408.

Daisey, J.M., A.T. Hodgson, W.J. Fisk, M.J. Mendell and J.T. Brinke. 1994. Volatile organic compounds in twelve California office buildings: classes, concentrations and sources. Atmos. Environ. 28(22): 3557-3562.

Dann, T. and D. Wang. 1989. Volatile organic compounds in the Greater Vancouver Regional District. Pollution Measurement Division, Conservation and Protection, Environment Canada.

Dean, B.J., T.M. Brooks, G. Hodson-Walker and D.H. Hutson. 1985. Genetic toxicology testing of 41 industrial chemicals. Mutat. Res. 153: 57-77 [cited in IPCS, 1996].

Donner, M., J. Maki-Paakkanen, H. Norppa, M. Sorsa and H. Vainio. 1980. Genetic toxicology of xylenes. Mutat. Res. 74: 171-172 [cited in IPCS, 1996].

Dynamac Corporation. 1986. Information review ethylbenzene. Rockville, Maryland (IR-478).

EHD (Environmental Health Directorate). 1998. Exposure factors for assessing total daily intake of Priority Substances by the general population of Canada. Draft internal report. Bureau of Chemical Hazards, Health Canada, Ottawa, Ontario.

Elovaara, E., K. Engstrom, J. Nickels, A. Aitio and H. Vainio. 1985. Biochemical and morphological effects of long-term inhalation exposure of rats to ethylbenzene. Xenobiotica 15: 299-308 [cited in IPCS, 1996].

Environment Canada. 1988. Atlantic Region Federal-Provincial Toxic Chemical Survey of Municipal Drinking Water Sources 1985-1988.

Environment Canada. 1989. Detroit Incinerator Monitoring Program Data Report No. 3.

Environment Canada. 1990. Detroit Incinerator Monitoring Program Data Report No. 4.

Environment Canada. 2001. Canadian Environmental Protection Act, 1999. Notice with respect to certain substances on the Domestic Substances List (DSL). Canada Gazette, Part I, 135(46): 4194-4211. http://canadagazette.gc.ca/partI/2001/20011117/pdf/g1-13546.pdf.

Environment Canada. 2003. National Pollutant Release Inventory. Searched December 5, 2003 for 2001 data ( http://www.ec.gc.ca/pdb/querysite/query_e.cfm).

Enviro-Test Laboratories. 1991. Cayley Background Study: Analysis of food products for target organic and inorganic parameters. Series: 91-E1208. Prepared under contract to Hazardous Waste Section, Environmental Health Directorate, Health and Welfare Canada, Ottawa, Ontario.

Enviro-Test Laboratories. 1992. Windsor Area Background Study: Analysis of food products for target organic and inorganic parameters. Prepared under contract to Hazardous Waste Section, Environmental Health Directorate, Health and Welfare Canada, Ottawa, Ontario.

Enviro-Test Laboratories. 1993. Ville-Mercier Background Study: Analysis of food products for target organic and inorganic parameters. Prepared under contract to Hazardous Waste Section, Environmental Health Directorate, Health and Welfare Canada, Ottawa, Ontario.

Fellin, P., S.E. Barnett and Q.A. Tran. 1992. Results of a national pilot survey of airborne volatile organic compounds in Canadian residences. Prepared by Concord Environmental for Health and Welfare Canada.

Gagnon, C. 2001. Rapport annuel de la qualité de l'air 2000. Communauté urbaine de Montréal, Service de l'environnement, Assainissement de l'air et de l'eau.

Gibson, D.P., R. Brauninger, H.S. Shaffu, G.A. Kerckaert, R.A. LeBoeuf, R.J. Isfort and M.J. Aardema. 1997. Induction of micronuclei in Syrian hamster embryo cell: comparison to results in SHE cell transformation assay for National Toxicology Program test chemicals. Mutat. Res. 392(1-2): 61-70.

Goss, M.J., D.A.J. Barry and D.L. Rudolph. 1998. Contamination in Ontario farmstead domestic wells and its association with agriculture: 1. Results from drinking water wells. J. Contam. Hydrol. 32(3-4): 267-293.

Hardin, B.D., G.P. Bond, M.R. Sikov, F.D. Andrew, R.P. Beliles and R.W. Niemeier. 1981. Testing of selected workplace chemicals for teratogenic potential. Scand. J. Work Environ. Health 7(Suppl. 4): 66-75 [cited in IPCS, 1996].

Harton, E.E. and R.R. Rawl. 1976. Toxicological and skin corrosion testing of selected hazardous chemicals. Prepared for the Office of Hazardous Materials Operation, U.S. Department of Transportation, Washington, D.C. (NTIS Report No. PB264-975) [cited in Dynamac Corporation, 1986].

Health Canada. 2003. Personal communication from J. Zhu, Chemistry Research Division.

Heidelberger, C., A.C. Freeman, R.J. Pientra, A. Sivak, A.S. Bertram, B.C. Casto, V.C. Dunkel, M.W. Francis, T. Kakunaga, J.B. Little and J.M. Schechtman. 1983. Cell transformation by chemical agents: a review and analysis of the literature: a report of U.S. Environmental Protection Agency GENETOX program. Mutat. Res. 114: 283-385.

IARC (International Agency for Research on Cancer). 2000. Some industrial chemicals. IARC Monogr. Eval. Carcinogen. Risks Hum., 77: 227-241.

IPCS (International Programme on Chemical Safety). 1996. Environmental Health Criteria 186: Ethylbenzene. World Health Organization, Geneva ( http://www.inchem.org/documents/ehc/ehc/ehc186.htm).

Ivanov, S.V. 1962. Toxicity of ethylbenzene. Tr. Voronezh. Gos. Med. Inst. 47: 80

[cited via International Uniform Chemical Information Database (IUCLID) in Dynamac Corporation (1986)].

Kerckaert, G.A., R. Brauninger, R.A. LeBoeuf and R.J. Isfort. 1996. Use of the Syrian hamster embryo cell transformation assay for carcinogenicity prediction of chemicals currently being tested by the National Toxicology Program in rodent bioassays. Environ. Health Perspect. 104(Suppl. 5): 1075-1084.

Leddy, M.B., D.W. Phipps and H.F. Ridgway. 1995. Catabolite-mediated mutations in alternate toluene degradative pathways in Pseudomonas putida. J. Bacteriol. 177(16): 4713-4720.

Lockhart, W.L., R. Wagemann, B. Tracey, D. Sutherland and D.J. Thomas. 1992. Presence and implications of chemical contaminants in the freshwaters of the Canadian Arctic. Sci. Total Environ. 122(1-2): 165-245.

Maltoni, C., B. Conti, G. Cotti and F. Belpoggi. 1985. Experimental studies on benzene carcinogenicity at the Bologna Institute of Oncology; current results and ongoing research. Am. J. Ind. Med. 7: 415-446 [cited in IPCS, 1996].

Maltoni, C., A. Ciliberti, G. Lefemine and M. Soffritti. 1997. Results of a long-term experimental study on the carcinogenicity of vinyl acetate monomer in mice. Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci. 26(837): 209-238.

McGregor, D.B., A. Brown, P. Cattanach, I. Edwards, D. McBride, C. Riach and W.J. Caspary. 1988. Responses of the L5178Y tk +/tk − mouse lymphoma cell forward mutation assay: III. 72 coded chemicals. Environ. Mol. Mutagen. 12: 85-154 [cited in IPCS, 1996].

Mohtashamipur, E., K. Norpoth, U. Woelke and P. Huber. 1985. Effects of ethylbenzene, toluene, and xylene on the induction of micronuclei in bone marrow polychromatic erythrocytes of mice. Arch. Toxicol. 58(2): 106-109.

Mutti, A., M. Falzoi, A. Romanelli, M.C. Bocchi, C. Ferroni and I. Franchini. 1988. Brain dopamine as a target for solvent toxicity: effects of some monocyclic aromatic hydrocarbons. Toxicology 49: 77-82.

NHW (Department of National Health and Welfare). 1990. Present patterns and trends in infant feeding in Canada. Ottawa, Ontario. 9 pp. (Catalogue No. H39-199/1990E) [cited in EHD, 1998].

NLM (National Library of Medicine). 2003. Ethylbenzene. Hazardous Substances Data Bank (HSDB) Number 84. Last update: March 5, 2003. Database searched on December 5, 2003 ( http://toxnet.nlm.nih.gov/).

Norppa, H. and H. Vainio. 1983. Induction of sister-chromatid exchanges by styrene analogues in cultured human lymphocytes. Mutat. Res. 116: 379-387 [cited in IPCS, 1996].

NTP (National Toxicology Program). 1986. Toxicology and carcinogenesis studies of xylenes (mixed) (60% m-xylene, 14% p-xylene, 9% o-xylene, and 17% ethylbenzene) (CAS No. 1330-20-7) in F344/N rats and B6C3F1 mice (gavage studies). National Institutes of Health, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina (Technical Report Series No. 327; NIH Publication. No. 87-2583).

NTP (National Toxicology Program). 1992. Toxicity studies of ethylbenzene in F344/N rats and B6C3F1 mice (inhalation studies). National Institutes of Health, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina (NIH Publication No. 92-3129).

NTP (National Toxicology Program). 1999. Toxicology and carcinogenesis studies of ethylbenzene (CAS No. 100-41-4) in F344/N rats and B6C3F1 mice (inhalation study). National Institutes of Health, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina (Technical Report Series No. 466; NIH Publication No. 99-3956).

OME (Ontario Ministry of the Environment). 1989. Drinking Water Surveillance Program. Overview annual report 1987. Toronto, Ontario.

OMEE (Ontario Ministry of Environment and Energy). 1993. Ontario typical range of chemical parameters in soil, vegetation, moss bags and snow. Toronto, Ontario.

OMEE (Ontario Ministry of Environment and Energy). 2000. Air quality in Ontario, 2000 report. Environmental Monitoring and Reporting Branch, Ontario Ministry of Environment and Energy, Toronto, Ontario.

Otson, R. 1987. Purgeable organics in Great Lakes raw and treated water. Int. J. Environ. Anal. Chem. 31(1): 41-53.

Otson, R., D.T. Williams and P.D. Bothwell. 1982. Volatile organic compounds in water at thirty Canadian potable water treatment facilities. J. Assoc. Off. Anal. Chem. 65(6): 1370-1374.

Otson, R., P. Fellin and Q. Tran. 1994. VOCs in representative Canadian residences. Atmos. Environ. 28(22): 3563-3569.

PACE (Petroleum Association for Conservation of the Canadian Environment). 1987. A study of exposure to motor gasoline hydrocarbon vapours at service stations. Phase II -- Summer study (PACE Report No. 87-5).

PACE (Petroleum Association for Conservation of the Canadian Environment). 1989. A study of exposure to motor gasoline hydrocarbon vapours at service stations. Phase III -- Winter study (PACE Report No. 89-3).

Romanelli, A., M. Falzoi, A. Mutti, E. Bergamaschi and I. Franchini. 1986. Effects of some monocyclic aromatic solvents and their metabolites on brain dopamine in rabbits. J. Appl. Toxicol. 6(6): 431-438.

Saillenfait, A.M., F. Gallisot, G. Morel and P. Bonnet. 2003. Developmental toxicities of ethylbenzene, ortho-, meta-, para-xylene and technical xylene in rats following inhalation exposure. Food Chem. Toxicol. 41(3): 415-429.

Smyth, H.F., C.P. Carpenter, C.S. Weil, U.C. Pozzani and J.A. Streigel. 1962. Range finding toxicity data: List IV. Am. Ind. Hyg. J. 23: 95-97.

Stott, W.T., K.A. Johnson, R. Bahnemann, S.J. Day and R.J. McGuirk. 2003. Evaluation of potential modes of action of inhaled ethylbenzene in rats and mice. Toxicol. Sci. 71(1): 53-66.

Toftgård, R. and O.G. Nilsen. 1982. Effects of xylene and xylene isomers on cytochrome P-450 and in vitro enzymatic activities in rat liver, kidney and lung. Toxicology 23: 197-212.

Ungvary, G. and E. Tatrai. 1985. On the embryotoxic effects of benzene and its alkyl derivatives in mice, rats and rabbits. Arch. Toxicol. 8(Suppl.): 425-430 [cited in IPCS, 1996].

U.S. EPA (United States Environmental Protection Agency). 1992. Dermal exposure assessment: Principles and applications. Washington, D.C.

U.S. EPA (United States Environmental Protection Agency). 2001. Wall Paint Exposure Model (WPEM). Version 3.2, March 2001. Model developed by GEOMET Technologies, Inc. for the U.S. EPA Office of Pollution Prevention & Toxics and National Paint and Coatings Association ( http://www.epa.gov/opptintr/exposure/docs/wpem.htm).

U.S. FDA (United States Food and Drug Administration). 2000. Total Diet Study. Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, U.S. Food and Drug Administration ( http://vm.cfsan.fda.gov).

Versar Inc. 1986. Standard scenarios for estimating exposure to chemical substances during use of consumer products. Vol. I. Consumer use of household paints. Prepared for U.S. Environmental Protection Agency.

Wolf, M.A., V.K. Rowe, D.D. McCollister, R.L. Hollingsworth and F. Oyen. 1956. Toxicological studies of certain alkylated benzenes and benzene. Arch. Ind. Health. 14: 387-398 [cited in IPCS, 1996].