State of the Science Report for Hexachloroethane (HCE)

References

Arthur D. Little Inc. 1983. Cell transformation assays of 11 chlorinated hydrocarbon analogs. Final report. Submitted to the Office of Toxic Substances, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (ICAIR Work Assignment No. 10; Microfiche No. NTIS/OTS0509392; Document No. 40+8324457).

ATSDR (Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry). 1997. Toxicological profile for hexachloroethane (update). Public Health Service, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Atlanta, Georgia.

Bronzetti, G., Morichetti, E., Del Carratore, R., Rosellini, E., Paolilni, M., Cantelli-Forti, G., Crilli, S. and Vellosi, R. 1989. Tetrachloroethane, pentachloroethane and hexachloroethane. Genetic and biochemical studies. Teratogen. Carcinogen. Mutagen. 9: 349-357 [cited in IARC, 1999].

City of Toronto. 1990. The quality of drinking water in Toronto: A review of tap water, bottled water and water treated by a point-of-use device. Summary report. Department of Public Health, City of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario.

City of Toronto. 2002a. Water quality quarterly report - October-December 2002. Water and Wastewater Services Division, City of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario (http://www.city.toronto.on.ca/water/quality_report/archive.htm).

City of Toronto. 2002b. Water quality quarterly report - July-September 2002. Water and Wastewater Services Division, City of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario (http://www.city.toronto.on.ca/water/quality_report/archive.htm).

City of Toronto. 2002c. Water quality quarterly report - April-June 2002. Water and Wastewater Services Division, City of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario (http://www.city.toronto.on.ca/water/quality_report/archive.htm).

City of Toronto. 2002d. Water quality quarterly report - January-March 2002. Water and Wastewater Services Division, City of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario (http://www.city.toronto.on.ca/water/quality_report/archive.htm).

Clark, C.S., Meyer, M.D., Gartside, P.S., Majeti, V.A. and Specker, B. 1982. An environmental health survey of drinking water contamination by leachate from a pesticide dump in Hardeman County, Tennessee. Arch. Environ. Health 37(1): 9-18.

Class, T. and Ballschmiter, K. 1986. Chemistry of organic traces in air. VI: Distribution of chlorinated C1-C4 hydrocarbons in air over the northern and southern Atlantic Ocean. Chemosphere 15(4): 413-427.

Class, T. and Ballschmiter, K. 1987. Global baseline pollution studies. X. Atmospheric halocarbons: global budget estimations for tetrachloroethene, 1,2-dichloroethane, 1,1,1,2-tetrachloroethane, hexachloroethane, and hexachlorobutadiene. Estimation of the hydroxyl radical concentrations in the troposphere of the Northern and Southern Hemisphere. Fresenius ' Z. Anal. Chem. 327(2): 198-204.

Crebelli, R., Benigni, R., Franekic, J., Conti, G., Conti, L. and Carere, A. 1988. Induction of chromosome malsegregation by halogenated organic solvents in Aspergillus nidulans: Unspecific or specific mechanism? Mutat. Res. 201: 401-411 [cited in IARC, 1999].

Crebelli, R., Carere, A., Leopardi, P., Conti, L., Fassio, F., Raiteri, F., Barone, D., Ciliutti, P., Cinelli, S. and Vericat, J.A. 1999. Evaluation of 10 aliphatic halogenated hydrocarbons in the mouse bone marrow micronucleus test. Mutagenesis 14(2): 207-215.

DeVault, D.S. 1985. Contaminants in fish from Great Lakes harbors and tributary mouths. Arch. Environ. Contam. Toxicol. 14: 587-594.

Doherty, A.T., Ellard, S., Parry, E.M. and Parry, J.M. 1996. An investigation into the activation and deactivation of chlorinated hydrocarbons to genotoxins in metabolically competent human cells. Mutagenesis 11: 247-274.

Dow Chemical Co. 1977. Hexachloroethane: results of a 2-week tolerance study in the diet of rats. With cover letter. Submitted to the Office of Toxic Substances, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, in 1983 (Microfiche No. NTIS/OTS0215326; Document No. 878221265).

EHD (Environmental Health Directorate). 1998. Exposure factors for assessing total daily intake of priority substances by the general population of Canada. Unpublished report. December 1998. Priority Substances Section, Environmental Health Directorate, Health Canada, Ottawa, Ontario.

Environment Canada. 1989. Atlantic region federal-provincial toxic chemical survey of municipal drinking water sources 1985-1988. Interpretive report.

Environment Canada. 2001. Canadian Environmental Protection Act, 1999. Notice with respect to certain substances on the Domestic Substances List (DSL). Canada Gazette, Part I, 135(46) 4194-4211. (PDF Version - 575 K): http://canadagazette.gc.ca/partI/2001/20011117/pdf/g1-13546.pdf.

Exxon Chemical Americas. 1962. Acute toxicity of hexachloroethane. Submitted to the Office of Toxic Substances, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, in 1983 under TSCA section 8(d) (Document No. 878213533; Microfiche No. NTIS/OTS0206402).

Fellin, P., Barnett, S.E. and Tran, Q.A. 1992. Results of a national pilot survey of airborne volatile organic compounds in Canadian residences. Prepared for Health and Welfare Canada (DSS file H4078-0-C659).

Fowler, J.S.L. 1969. Some hepatotoxic actions of hexachloroethane and its metabolites in sheep. Br. J. Pharmacol. 35: 530-542.

Galloway, S.M., Armstrong, M.J., Reuben, C., Colman, S., Brown, B., Cannon, C., Bloom, A.D., Nakamura, G., Ahmed, M., Duk, S., Rimpo, J., Margolin, B.H., Resnick, M.A., Anderson, B. and Zeiger, E. 1987. Chromosome aberrations and sister chromatid exchanges in Chinese hamster ovary cells: evaluations of 108 chemicals. Environ. Mol. Mutagen. 10(Suppl. 1): 1-175 [cited in IARC, 1999].

Gizyn, W.I. 1994. Windsor Air Quality Study: Soil and garden produce survey results. Windsor Air Quality Committee, Ontario Ministry of Environment and Energy, Windsor, Ontario.

Gorzinski, S.J., Nolan, R.J., McCollister, S.B., Dociba, R.J. and Mattsson, J.L. 1985. Subchronic oral toxicity, tissue distribution and clearance of hexachloroethane in the rat. Drug Chem. Toxicol. 8: 155-169.

Haworth, S., Lawlor, T., Mortelmans, K., Speck, W. and Zeiger, E. 1983. Salmonella mutagenicity test results for 250 chemicals. Environ. Mutagen. 5(Suppl. 5): 3-142 [cited in IARC, 1999].

IARC (International Agency for Research on Cancer). 1979. Some halogenated hydrocarbons. IARC Monogr. Eval. Carcinogen. Risk Chem. Hum. 20: 467-476.

IARC (International Agency for Research on Cancer). 1999. Some chemicals that cause tumours of the kidney or urinary bladder in rodents and some other substances. IARC Monogr. Eval. Carcinogen. Risk Chem. Hum. 73: 295-306.

Kinae, N., Hashizume, T., Makita, T., Tomita, I., Kumura, I. and Kanamori, H. 1981. Studies on the toxicity of pulp and paper mill effluents - II. Mutagenicity of the extracts of the liver from spotted sea trout (Nibea mitsukurii). Water Res. 15: 25-30 [cited in IARC, 1999].

Kinkead, E.R. and Wolfe, R.E. 1992. Single oral toxicity of various organic compounds. J. Am. Coll. Toxicol. 11(6): 713.

Kirk-Othmer. 1993. Chloroethanes. In: Kirk-Othmer encyclopedia of environmental technology. Online version accessed March 4, 2003
(http://www.mrw.interscience.wiley.com/kirk/articles/othesned.a01).

Kostiainen, R. 1995. Volatile organic compounds in the indoor air of normal and sick houses. Atmos. Environ. 29(6): 693-702.

Lattanzi, G., Colacci, A., Grilli, S., Mazzullo, M., Prodi, G., Taningher, M. and Turina, M.P. 1988. Binding of hexachloroethane to biological macromolecules from rat and mouse organs. J. Toxicol. Environ. Health 24: 403-411 [cited in IARC, 1999].

Ligocki, M.P., Leuenberger, C. and Pankow, J.F. 1985. Trace organic compounds in rain. II. Gas scavenging of neutral organic compounds. Atmos. Environ. 19(10): 1609-1617.

Milman, H.A., Story, D.L., Riccio, E.S., Sivak, A., Tu, A.S., Williams, G.M., Tong, C. and Tyson, C.A. 1988. Rat liver foci and in vitro assays to detect initiating and promoting effects of chlorinated ethanes and ethylenes. Ann. N.Y. Acad. Sci. 534: 521-530 [cited in IARC, 1999].

Nakamura, S., Oda, Y., Shimada, T., Oki, I. and Sugimoto, K. 1987. SOS-inducing activity of chemical carcinogens and mutagens in Salmonella typhimurium TA135/pSK1002: Examination with 151 chemicals. Mutat. Res. 192: 239-246 [cited in IARC, 1999].

NCI (National Cancer Institute). 1978. Bioassay of hexachloroethane for possible carcinogenicity. National Institutes of Health, U.S. Department of Health, Education and Welfare, Washington, D.C. (Technical Report Series No. 68; DHEW Publication No. (NIH) 78-1318).

NHW (Department of National Health and Welfare). 1990. Present patterns and trends in infant feeding in Canada. Department of National Health and Welfare, Ottawa, Ontario (Catalogue No. H39-199/1990E) [cited in EHD, 1998].

NLM (National Library of Medicine). 1999. Hexachloroethane. HSDB No. 2033. In: Hazardous Substances Data Bank. Last update: August 29, 2003. Database searched on December 5, 2003 (http://toxnet.nlm.nih.gov).

NTP (National Toxicology Program). 1989. Toxicology and carcinogenesis studies of hexachloroethane in F344/N rats (gavage studies). National Institutes of Health, Public Health Service, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina (Technical Report No. 361).

NTP (National Toxicology Program). 1996. NTP technical report of renal toxicity studies of selected halogenated ethanes administered by gavage to F344/N rats. National Institutes of Health, Public Health Service, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina (NIH Publication 96-3935; Toxicity Report Series No. 45).

Oliver, B.G. and Kaiser, K.L.E. 1986. Chlorinated organics in nearshore waters and tributaries on the St. Clair River. Water Pollut. Res. J. Can. 21(3): 344-350.

Oliver, B.G. and Niimi, A.J. 1983. Bioconcentration of chlorobenzenes from water by rainbow trout: Correlations with partition coefficients and environmental residues. Environ. Sci. Technol. 17(5): 287-291.

Oliver, B.G. and Pugsley, C.W. 1986. Chlorinated contaminants in St. Clair River sediments. Water Pollut. Res. J. Can. 21(3): 368-379.

OME (Ontario Ministry of the Environment). 1988. Ottawa (Lemieux Island) water treatment plant, drinking water surveillance program, annual report 1987. Ottawa, Ontario.

OME (Ontario Ministry of the Environment). 1989. Drinking water surveillance program, overview annual report 1987.

Otson, R., Williams, D.T. and Bothwell, P.D. 1982. Volatile organic compounds in water at thirty Canadian potable water treatment facilities. J. Assoc. Off. Anal. Chem. 65: 1370-1374.

Otson, R., Fellin, P. and Tran, Q. 1994. VOCs in representative Canadian residences. Atmos. Environ. 28(22): 3563-3569.

Parry, J.M., Parry, E.M., Bourner, R., Doherty, A., Ellard, S., O'Donovan, J., Hoebee, B., de Stoppelaar, J.M., Mohn, G.R., Onfelt, A., Renglin, A., Schultz, N., Soderpalm-Berndes, C., Jensen, K.G., Kirsh-Volders, M., Elhajouji, A., Van Hummelen, P., Degrassi, F., Antoccia, A., Cimini, D., Izzo, M., Tanzarella, C., Adler, I.D., Kliesch, U., Schriever-Schwemmer, G., Gasser, P., Crebelli, R., Carere, A., Andreoli, C., Benigni, R., Leopardi, P., Marcon, F., Zinjo, Z., Natarajan, A.T., Boei, J.J.W.A., Kappas, A., Voutsinas, G., Zarani, F.E., Patrinelli, A., Pachierotti, F., Tiveron, C. and Hess, P. 1996. The detection and evaluation of aneugenic chemicals. Mutat. Res. 353: 11-46.

Roldan-Arjona, T., Carcia-Pedrajas, M.D., Luque-Romero, F.L., Hera, C. and Pueyo, C. 1991. An association between mutagenicity of the Ara test of Salmonella typhimurium and carcinogenicity in rodents for 16 halogenated aliphatic hydrocarbons. Mutagenesis 6: 199-205 [cited in IARC, 1999].

Selden, A.I., Kvarnlof, A., Bodin, L. and Spangberg, O. 1994. Health effects of low level of occupational exposure to hexachloroethane. J. Occup. Med. Toxicol. 3: 61-67.

Selden, A.I., Westberg, H.B. and Axelson, O. 1997. Cancer morbidity in workers at aluminum foundries and secondary aluminum smelters. Am. J. Ind. Med. 32: 467-477 [cited in IARC, 1999].

Stanford Research Institute International. 1984. Investigations of the species sensitivity and mechanism of carcinogenicity of halogenated hydrocarbons. Final report. Submitted to the Office of Toxic Substances, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA Contract 68-01-5079;Microfiche No. OTS0509408; Document No. 40+8424225).

Story, D.L., Meierhenry, E.F., Tyson, C.A. and Milman, H.A. 1986. Differences in rat liver enzyme-altered foci produced by chlorinated aliphatics and phenobarbital. Toxicol. Ind. Health 2: 351-362 [cited in IARC, 1999].

Tafazoli, M., Baeten, A., Geerlings, P. and Kirsch-Volders, M. 1998. In vitro mutagenicity and genotoxicity study of a number of short-chain chlorinated hydrocarbons using the micronucleus test and the alkaline single cell gel electrophoresis technique (Comet assay) in human lymphocytes: a structure-activity relationship (QSAR) analysis of the genotoxic and cytotoxic potential. Mutagenesis 13(2): 115-126.

Taningher, M., Parodi, S., Grilli, S., Colacci, A., Mazzullo, M., Bordone, R. and Santi, L. 1991. Lack of correlation between alkaline DNA fragmentation and DNA covalent binding induced by polychloroethanes after in vivo administration. Problems related to the assessment of a carcinogenic hazard. Cancer Detect. Prev. 15(1): 35-39.

Tu, A.S., Murray, T.A., Hatch, K.M., Sivak, A. and Milman, H.A. 1985. In vitro transformation of BALB/c-3T3 cells by chlorinated ethanes and ethylenes. Cancer Lett. 28: 85-92.

Vogel, E.W. and Nivard, M.J.M. 1993. Performance of 181 chemicals in a Drosophila assay predominantly monitoring interchromosomal mitotic recombination.Mutagenesis 8: 57-81 [cited in IARC, 1999].

Webber, M.D. 1994. Industrial organic compounds in selected Canadian municipal sludges and agricultural soils. Rockcliffe Research Management Inc.

Webber, M.D. and Nichols, J.A. 1995. Organic and metal contaminants in Canadian municipal sludges and a sludge compost. Rockcliffe Research Management Inc.

Weeks, M.H., Angerhofer, R.A., Bishop, R., Thomasino, J. and Pope, C.R. 1979. The toxicity of hexachloroethane in laboratory animals. Am. Ind. Hyg. Assoc. J. 40: 187-199.

Weisburger, E.K. 1977. Carcinogenicity studies on halogenated hydrocarbons. Environ. Health Perspect. 21: 7-16.