Health Canada
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Environmental and Workplace Health

State of the Science Report for 101-14-4 MBOCA

References

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Next link will take you to another Web site Environment Canada. 2001. Canadian Environmental Protection Act, 1999. Notice with respect to certain substances on the Domestic Substances List (DSL). Canada Gazette, Part I, 135(46): 4194-4211 (PDF Version - 575 K).
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Next link will take you to another Web site European Communities. 2003. European Commission technical guidance document on risk assessment: Part II. European Commission, Joint Research Centre, Institute for Health and Consumer Protection, European Chemicals Bureau (http://ecb.jrc.it/existing-chemicals/).

Galloway, S.M., Bloom, A.D., Resnick, M., Margolin, B.H., Nakamura, F., Archer, P. and Zeiger, E. 1985. Development of a standard protocol for in vitro cytogenetic testing with Chinese hamster ovary cells: comparison of results for 22 compounds in two laboratories. Environ. Mutagen. 7: 1-51 [cited in IARC, 1993].

Garner, R.C., Welch, A. and Pickering, C. 1981. Mutagenic activity of 42 coded compounds in the Salmonella/microsome assay. Prog. Mutat. Res. 1: 280-284 [cited in IARC, 1993].

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Grundmann, E. and Steinhoff, D. 1970. Liver and lung tumours after administration of 3,3'-dichloro-4,4'-diaminodiphenylmethane to rats. Z. Krebsforsch. 74: 28-39 [cited in IARC, 1993].

Haworth, S., Lawlor, T., Mortelmans, K., Speck, W. and Zeiger, E. 1983. Salmonella mutagenicity test results for 250 chemicals. Environ. Mutagen. 1: 3-142 [cited in IARC, 1993].

Health Canada. 1994. Canadian Environmental Protection Act -- Human health risk assessment for Priority Substances. Minister of Supply and Services, Ottawa, Ontario. 36 pp. (http://www.hc-sc.gc.ca/hecs-sesc/exsd/pdf/approach.pdf)

Hesbert, A., Bottin, M.C. and De Ceaurriz, J. 1985. Mutagenicity of 4,4'-methylene-bis(2-chloroaniline) "MOCA" and its N-acetyl derivatives in S. typhimurium. Int. Arch. Occup. Environ. Health 55: 169-174 [cited in IARC, 1993].

Hubbard, S.A., Green, M.H.L., Bridges, B.A., Wain, A.J. and Bridges, J.W. 1981. Fluctuation test with S9 and hepatocyte activation. Prog. Mutat. Res. 1: 361-370 [cited in IARC, 1993].

IARC (International Agency for Research on Cancer). 1993. Occupational exposures of hairdressers and barbers and personal use of hair colourants; some hair dyes, cosmetic colourants, industrial dyestuffs and aromatic amines. IARC Monogr. Eval. Carcinog. Risk Hum. 57: 271-303.

Ichinotsubo, D., Mower, H. and Mandel, M. 1981. Mutagen testing of a series of paired compounds with the Ames Salmonella testing system. Prog. Mutat. Res. 1: 298-301 [cited in IARC, 1993].

Kommineni, C., Groth, D.H., Frockt, I.J., Voelker, R.W. and Stanovick, R.P. 1978. Determination of the tumorigenic potential of methylene-bis-orthochloroaniline. J. Environ. Pathol. Toxicol. 2: 149-171 [cited in IARC, 1993].

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MacDonald, D.J. 1981. Salmonella/microsome tests on 42 coded chemicals. Prog. Mutat. Res. 1: 285-297 [cited in IARC, 1993].

Martire, G., Vricella, G., Perfumo, A.M. and De Lorenzo, F. 1981. Evaluation of the mutagenic activity of coded compounds in the Salmonella test. Prog. Mutat. Res. 1: 271-279 [cited in IARC, 1993].

Matsushima, T., Takamoto, Y., Shirai, A., Sawamura, M. and Sugimura, T. 1981. Reverse mutation test on 42 coded compounds with the E. coli WP2 system. Prog. Mutat. Res. 1: 387-395 [cited in IARC, 1993].

McCann, J., Choi, E., Yamasaki, E. and Ames, B.N. 1975. Detection of carcinogens as mutagens in the Salmonella/microsome test: assay of 300 chemicals. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 72: 5135-5139 [cited in IARC, 1993].

McQueen, C.A., Maslansky, C.J., Crescenzi, S.B. and Williams, G.M. 1981. The genotoxicity of 4,4'-methylenebis-2-chloroaniline in rat, mouse and hamster hepatocytes. Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol. 58: 231-235 [cited in IARC, 1993].

Mehta, R.D. and von Borstel, R.C. 1981. Mutagenic activity of 42 encoded compounds in the haploid yeast reversion assay, strain XV185-14C. Prog. Mutat. Res. 1: 414-423 [cited in IARC, 1993]. Mitchell, A.D., Rudd, C.J. and Caspary, W.J. 1988. Evaluation of the L5178Y mouse lymphoma cell mutagenesis assay: intralaboratory results for sixty-three coded chemicals tested at SRI International. Environ. Mol. Mutagen. 12(S13): 37-101 [cited in IARC, 1993].

Mori, H., Yoshimi, N., Sugie, S., Iwata, H., Kawai, K., Mashizu, N. and Shimizu, H. 1988. Genotoxicity of epoxy resin hardeners in the hepatocyte primary culture/DNA repair test. Mutat. Res. 204: 683-688 [cited in IARC, 1993].

Myhr, B.C. and Caspary, W.J. 1988. Evaluation of the L5178Y mouse lymphoma cell mutagenesis system: intralaboratory results for 63 coded chemicals tested at Litton Bionetics, Inc. Environ. Mol. Mutagen. 12(S13): 103-194 [cited in IARC, 1993].

Nagao, M. and Takahashi, Y. 1981. Mutagenic activity of 42 coded compounds in the Salmonella/microsome assay. Prog. Mutat. Res. 1: 302-313 [cited in IARC, 1993].

NHW (Department of National Health and Welfare). 1990. Present patterns and trends in infant feeding in Canada. Department of National Health and Welfare, Ottawa, Ontario. 9 pp. (Catalogue No. H39-199/1999E; ISBN 0-662-18397-5) [cited in EHD, 1998].

Next link will take you to another Web site NIOSH (National Institute of Occupational Safety and Health). 2002. Benzenamine, 4,4'-methylenebis(2-chloro-. Registry of Toxic Effects of Chemical Substances (RTECS) No. CY1050000. U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. Last update: 07/2002. Database searched on August 7, 2002
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OECD (Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development). 2003. OECD emission scenario document on plastic additives. Revised edition. OECD Environmental Health and Safety Publications: Series on Emission Scenario Documents. Environment Directorate. July 2003.

Perry, P.E. and Thomson, E.J. 1981. Evaluation of the sister chromatid exchange method in mammalian cells as a screening system for carcinogens. Prog. Mutat. Res. 1: 560-569 [cited in IARC, 1993].

Polyurethane Manufacturers Association. 1999. MOCA safe use guidance for the castable polyurethane industry. Prepared by the Polyurethane Manufacturing Association, Donald P. Gallo (Esq., Legal Counsel), Dr. Theodore J. Hogan (Health & Safety Consultant). Revised in April 1999. Downloaded in February 2005.

Rao, T.K., Dorsey, G.F., Allen, B.E. and Epler, J.L. 1982. Mutagenicity of 4,4'-methylenedianiline derivatives in the Salmonella histidine reversion assay. Arch. Toxicol. 49: 185-190 [cited in IARC, 1993].

Richold, M. and Jones, E. 1981. Mutagenic activity of 42 coded compounds in the Salmonella/microsome assay. Prog. Mutat. Res. 1: 314-322 [cited in IARC, 1993].

Rowland, I. and Severn, B. 1981. Mutagenic activity of 42 coded compounds in the Salmonella/microsome test. Prog. Mutat. Res. 1: 323-332 [cited in IARC, 1993].

Rozinova, E., Khalil, M. and Bonin, A.M. 1998. MOCA and some proposed substitutes (Cyanacure, Conacure, Polacure 740M and Ethacure 300) as two-stage carcinogens in HRA/Skh hairless mice. Mutat. Res. 398: 111-121.

Russfield, A.B., Homburger, F., Boger, E., Van Dongen, C.G., Weisburger, E.K. and Weisburger, J.H. 1975. The carcinogenic effect of 4,4'-methylene-bis(2-chloroaniline) in mice and rats. Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol. 31: 47-54 [cited in IARC, 1993].

Salamone, M.F., Heddle, J.A. and Katz, M. 1981. Mutagenic activity of 41 compounds in the in vivo micronucleus assay. Prog. Mutat. Res. 1: 686-697 [cited in IARC, 1993].

Sasaki, Y.F., Fujikawa, K., Ishida, K., Kawamura, N., Nishikawa, Y., Ohta, S., Satoh, M., Madarame, H., Ueno, S., Susa, N., Matsusaka, N. and Tsuda, S. 1999. The alkaline single cell gel electrophoresis assay with mouse multiple organs: results with 30 aromatic amines evaluated by the IARC and U.S. NTP. Mutat. Res. 440: 1-18.

Schuler, M., Rupa, D.S. and Eastmond, D.A. 1997. A critical evaluation of centromeric labeling to distinguish micronuclei induced by chromosomal loss and breakage in vitro. Mutat. Res. 392: 81-95.

Simmon, V.F. and Shepherd, G.F. 1981. Mutagenic activity of 42 coded compounds in the Salmonella/microsome assay. Prog. Mutat. Res. 1: 333-342 [cited in IARC, 1993].

Steinhoff, D. and Grundmann, E. 1971. Carcinogenic effect of 3,3'-dichloro-4,4'-diaminodiphenylmethane in rats. Naturwissenschaften 58: 578 [cited in IARC, 1993].

Stula, E.F., Sherman, H., Zapp, J.A., Jr. and Clayton, J.W., Jr. 1975. Experimental neoplasia in rats from oral administration of 3,3'-dichlorobenzidine, 4,4'-methylene-bis(2-chloroaniline), and 4,4'-methylene-bis(2-methylaniline). Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol. 31: 159-176 [cited in IARC, 1993].

Stula, E.F., Barnes, J.R., Sherman, H., Reinhardt, C.F. and Zapp, Z.A., Jr. 1977. Urinary bladder tumors in dogs from 4,4'-methylene-bis(2-chloroaniline) (MOCA ®). J. Environ. Pathol. Toxicol. 1: 31-50 [cited in IARC, 1993].

Trueman, R.W. 1981. Activity of 42 coded compounds in the Salmonella reverse mutation test. Prog. Mutat. Res. 1: 343-350 [cited in IARC, 1993].

Venitt, S. and Crofton-Sleigh, C. 1981. Mutagenicity of 42 coded compounds in a bacterial assay using Escherichia coli and Salmonella typhimurium. Prog. Mutat. Res. 1: 351-360 [cited in IARC, 1993].

Next link will take you to another Web site U.S. EPA (United States Environmental Protection Agency). 1999. Draft report on level 2 substances in the Binational Toxics Strategy: A U.S. perspective. Great Lakes National Program Office, U.S. EPA, December
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Next link will take you to another Web site U.S. EPA (United States Environmental Protection Agency). 2003. Estimation Program Interface (EPI) Suite (EPISuite™) Version 3.11, June 10, 2003. Models developed by the U.S. EPA Office of Pollution Prevention and Toxics and the Syracuse Research Corporation
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Wakata, A., Miyamae, Y., Sato, S., Suzuki, T., Morita, R., Asano, N., Awogi, T., Kondo, K. and Hayashi, M. 1998. Evaluation of the rat micronucleus test with bone marrow and peripheral blood: summary of the 9th collaborative study by CSGMT/JEMS·MMS. Environ. Mol. Mutagen. 32: 84-100.

Williams, G.M., Laspia, M.F. and Dunkel, V.C. 1982. Reliability of the hepatocyte primary culture/DNA repair test in testing of coded carcinogens and noncarcinogens. Mutat. Res. 97: 359-370 [cited in IARC, 1993].

Wu, K., Bonin, A.M., Leslie, C.L., Baker, R.S.U. and Stacey, N.H. 1989. Genotoxicity and effects on rat liver drug-metabolizing enzymes by possible substitutes for 4,4'-methylene bis(2-chloroaniline). Carcinogenesis 10: 2119-2122 [cited in IARC, 1993].