Polychlorinated Dibenzodioxins and Polychlorinated Dibenzofurans - PSL1

References

Arthur, M.F. and Frea, J.I., 1988. Microbial activity in soils contaminated with 2,3,7,8-TCDD. Environ. Toxicol. Chem. 7: 5-13.

Astle, J.W., Gobas, F.A.P.C., Shiu, Wan-Ying and Mackay, D., 1987. Lake sediments as historic records of atmospheric contamination by organic chemicals. Adv. Chem. Ser. 216: 57-77.

ATSDR (Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry), 1987. Toxicological profile for 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin U.S. Public Health Service. 122 pp.

Baumann, P.C. and D.M. Whittle, 1988. The status of selected organics in the Laurentian Great Lakes: an overview of DDT, PCP's, dioxins, furans, and aromatic hydrocarbons. Aquatic Toxicology. 11, 241-257.

Birmingham, B., Gilman, . A., Grant, D., Salminen, J., Boddington, M., Thorpe, B., Wile I.,Toft, P. and Armstrong, V., 1989. PCDD/PCDF multimedia exposure analysis for the Canadian population: detailed exposure analysis for the Chemosphere 19 (1-6): 637-642.

Blair, E.H. (ed)., 1973. Chlorodioxins - origin and fate. Adv. Chem. Ser. 120: 144 pp.

Boddington, M.J., Barrette, P., Grant, D., Norstrom, R.J., Ryan, J.J. and Whitby, L. (eds), 1985. Chlorinated dioxins and related compounds 1984. Chemosphere 14: 571-989.

Braune, B.M. and Norstrom, R.J., 1989. Dynamics of organochlorine compounds in herring gulls: III, Tissue distribution and bioaccumulation in Lake Ontario gulls. Environ. Toxicol. Chem. 8: 957-968.

Cattabeni, F., Cavallaro, A., and Galli, G. (eds), 1978. Dioxin: Toxicological and chemical aspects. SP Medical and Scientific Books: New York. 222 pp.

Chen, P.H., Wong, C.-K., Rappe, C. and Nygren, M., 1985. Polychlorinated biphenyls, dibenzofurans and quaterphenyls in toxic rice-bran oil in the blood and tissues of patients with PCB poisoning (Yu-Cheng) in Taiwan. Environ. Health Persp. 59: 59-65.

Connell, D.W. and Hawker, D.W., 1988. Use of polynomial expressions to describe the bioconcentration of hydrophobic chemicals by fish. Ecotoxicol. Environ. Safety 16: 242-257.

Cook, R.R., Townsend, J.C., Ott, M.G. and Silverstein, L.G., 1980. Mortality experience of employees exposed to 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD). J. Occup. Med. 22: 530-532.

Cook, R.R., Bond, G.G., Olson, R.A. and Ott, M.G., 1987. Update of the mortality experience of workers exposed to chlorinated dioxins. Chemosphere 16: 2111-2116.

Czuczuwa, J.M. and Hites, R.A., 1986. Sources and fate of PCDD and PCDF. Chemosphere 15: 1417-1420. Eisler, R., 1986. Dioxin hazards for fish, wildlife and invertebrates. U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service. Biological Report 85. 36 pp.

Elliott, J.E., Butler, R.W., Norstrom, R.J. and Whitehead, P.E., 1988. Levels of polychlorinated dibenzodioxins and polychlorinated bidenzofurans in eggs of great blue herons (Ardea herodias) in British Columbia, 1983-87: possible impacts on reproductive success. Progress Notes: Canadian Wildlife Service. 176: 7 pp.

Elliott, J.E., Butler, R.W., Norstrom, R.J. and Whitehead, P.E., 1989. Environmental contaminants and reproductive success of great blue herons Ardea herodias in British Columbia, 1986-87. Environ. Pollu. 59: 91-114.

Esposito, M.P., Tiernan, T.O., and Dryden, F.E., 1980. Dioxins. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. EPA-600-80-197. 351 pp.

Fanelli, R., Bertoni, M.P., Castelli, M.G., Chiabrando, C., Martelli, G.P., Noseda, A., Garattini, S.,

Binagh, C., Marazza, V. and Pezza, F., 1980. 2,3,7,8-Tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin toxic effects and tissue levels in cows milk from the contaminated area of Seveso, Italy. Arch. Environ. Contam. Toxicol. 9: 569-577.

Fox, G.A., Kennedy, S.W., Norstrom, R.J. and Wigfield, D.C., 1988. Porphyria in herring gulls: a biochemical response to chemical contamination of Great Lakes food chains. Environ. Toxicol. Chem. 7: 831-839.

FRG (Federal Republic of Germany), 1985. Sachstand Dioxine - Stand November 1984. Umweltdunesamt und Bundesgesundeitsamt. 385 pp.

Gilbertson, M., 1983. Etiology of chick edema disease in herring gulls in the lower Great Lakes. Chemosphere 12: 357-370.

Government of Canada, 1988-89. National Dioxin and Furan Sampling Program. Results released publicly in May and November, 1988 and in May, June and November, 1989.

Government of Canada, 1989. Discussion document on anti-sapstain chemicals., October 1989. 118 pp.

Hayabuchi, H., Yoshimura, T. and Kuratsune, M. 1979. Consumption of toxic rice oil by 'Yusho' patients and its relation to the clinical response and latent period. Fd. Cosmet. Toxicol. 17: 455-461.

Helder, T., 1980. Effects of 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD) on early life stages of the pike (Esox Lucius L.). Sci. Total Environ. 14: 255-264.

Helder, T., 1981. The effects of 2,3,7,8,-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD) on early life stages of rainbow trout ( Salmo gairdneri, Richardson). Toxicology 19: 101-112.

Hochstein, J.R., Aulerich, R.J., and Bursian, S.J., 1988. Acute toxicity of 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin to mink. Arch. Environ. Contam. Toxicol. 17: 33-37.

Holmstedt, B., 1980. Prolegomena to Seveso. Arch. Toxicol. 44: 211-230.

Honchar, P.A. and Halperin, W.E., 1981. 2,4,5-T, trichlorophenol, and soft tissue sarcoma. Lancet 1: 268-269.

Hudson, R.H., Tucker, R.K., and Haegele, M.A., 1984. Handbook of toxicity of pesticides to wildlife. U.S. Fish Wildlife Service. Resource Publ. 153: 99 pp.

Hutzinger, O., Frei, R.W., Merian, E. and Pocchiari, F. (eds), 1981. Impact of chlorinated dioxins and related compounds on the environment. Pergamon Series on Environ. Sci. 5: 658 pp.

Hutzinger, O., Frei, R.W., Merian, E., and Regiani, G. (eds), 1983. Chlorinated dioxins and related compounds, 1982. Chemosphere 12: 425-790.

Hutzinger, O., Crummett, W., Karasek, F.W., Merian, E., Regiani, G., Reissinger, M. and Safe, S. (eds), 1986. Chlorinated dioxins and related compounds 1985. Chemosphere 15: 1079-2132.

IARC (International Agency for Research on Cancer), 1977. Chlorinated dibenzodioxins. In: IARC Monographs on the evaluation of the carcinogenic risk of chemicals to man. 15: 41-102.

IARC, 1976. Overall evaluations of carcinogenicity: an updating of IARC monographs Volumes 1 to 42. In: IARC Monographs on the evaluation of carcinogenic risks to humans. Supplement 7: 350-351.

IJC (International Joint Commission), 1983. 1983 Report on Great Lakes Water Quality. Appendix: Great Lakes Surveillance. Great Lakes Water Quality Board. 129 pp.

IJC, 1989. The 1987 Report on Great Lakes Water Quality, Appendix B, Great Lakes Surveillance, Volume 1. 70 pp.

ICTC (Interdepartmental Committee for Toxic Chemicals: Canada), 1986. Dioxins in Canada: The Federal Approach. First Progress Report. Environment Canada. 13 pp.

Jansson, B., Alsberg, T., Bergman, A., Renberg, L., and Reutergardh, L., 1987. Persistent organic compounds in the marine environment. National Swedish Environmental Protection Boards, Report #3395, 8 pp.

Jensen, A.A., 1987. Polychlorobiphenyls (PCBs), polychlorodibenzo-p- dioxins (PCDDs) and polychlorodibenzofurans (PCDFs) in human milk, blood and adipose tissue. Sci. Total Environ. 64: 259-293.

Kenaga, E.E. and Norris, L.A., 1983. Environmental toxicity of TCDD. In. R.E. Tucker, A.L. Young, A.P. Gray (eds). Human and environmental risks of chlorinated dioxins and related compounds. Environ. Sci. Res. 26: 277-299.

Kimbrough, R.D. (ed.), 1980. Halogenated biphenyls, terphenyls, napthalenes, dibenzodioxins Health 4: 406 pp. and related products. Top. Environ.

Kimbrough, R.D. 1984. The epidemiology and toxicology of TCDD. Bull, Environ. Contam. Toxicol. 33: 636-647.

Kimbrough, R.D., Falk, H., Stehr, P., Fries, G., 1984. Health implication of 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzodioxin contamination of residential soil. J. Toxicol. Environ. Health 14: 47-94.

Kleeman, J.M., Olson, J.R., Peterson, R.E., 1988. Species Differences in 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-idoxin Toxicity and Biotransformation in Fish. Fund. and Appl. Technol. 10: 206-213.

Kubiak, J.J., Harris, H.J., Smith, L.M., Schwartz, T.R., Stalling D.L., Trick, J.A., Sileo, L., Doherty, D.E. and Erdman, T.C., 1989. Microcontaminants and reproductive impairment of the Forster's tern on Green Bay, Lake Michigan - 1983. Arch. Environ. Contam. Toxicol. 18: 706-727.

Kuratsune, M., Yoshimura, T., Matsuzaka, J. and Yamaguchi, A., 1972. Epidemiological study on Yusho, a poisoning caused by ingestion of rice oil contaminated with a commercial brand of polychlorinated biphenyls. Environ. Health Persp. 1: 119-128.

Masuda, Y., Kuroki, H., Haraguchi, K. and Nagayama, J., 1985. PCB and PCDF congeners in the

blood and tissues of Yusho and Yu-Cheng patients. Environ. Health Persp. 59: 53-58.

Masuda, Y. and Yoshimura, H., 1984. Polychlorinated biphenyls and dibenzofurans in patients with Yusho and their toxicological significance: a review. Amer. J. Indust. Med. 5: 31-44.

McNulty, W.P., Nielsen-Smith, K.A., Lay, J.O., Jr., Lippstreu, D.L., Kangas, N.L., Lyon, P.A., and Gross, M.L., 1982. Persistence of TCDD in monkey adipose tissue. Fd. Cosmet. Toxicol. 20: 985-987.

McNelis, D.N., Nauman, C.H., Fenstermaker, L.K., Safe, S., Clement, R.E., Campana, J., Kahn, P., Fingerhut, J., desRosiers, P., Barnes, D.J., Hileman, F. and Keith, L.H. (eds), 1989. Chlorinated dioxins and related compounds 1987. Chemosphere 18: 1-1339.

Mehrle, P.M. Buckler, D.R., Little, E.E., Smith, L.M., Petty, J.D., Peterman, P.H., Stalling, D.L., Degraeve, G.M., Coyle, J.J. and Adams, W.J., 1988. Toxicity and bioconcentration of 2,3,7,8- tetrachlorodibenzodioxin and 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzofuran in rainbow trout. Environ. Toxicol. Chem. 7: 47-62.

Mineau, P., Fox, G.A., Norstrom, R.J., Weseloh, D.V., Hallette, D.J. and Ellenton, J.A., 1984. Using the herring gull to monitor levels and effects of organochlorine contamination in the Canadian Great Lakes. In. J.O. Nriagu and J.J. Simmons (eds). Toxic Contaminants in the Great Lakes. J. Wiley and Sons Inc.: Toronto. Chp. 19: 437-452.

Moore, J.A., (ed), 1973. Perspective on chlorinated dibenzodioxins and dibenzofurans. Environ. Health Persp. 5: 313 pp.

Murray, F.J., Smith, F.A., Nitschke, K.D., Humiston, C.G., Kociba, R.J., and Schwetz, B.Z., 1979. Three-generation reproduction study of rats given 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD) in the diet. Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol. 50: 241-252.

Muto, H. and Takizawa, Y., 1989. Dioxins in cigarette smoke. Arch. Environ. Health 44: 171-174.

NATO (North Atlantic Treaty Organization), 1988a. International Toxicity Equivalency Factor (I-TEF) method of risk assessment for complex mixtures of dioxins and related compounds. Pilot study on international information exchange on dioxins and related compounds. Committee on the Challenges of Modern Society. #186: 26 pp.

NATO, 1988b. Scientific basis for the development of the International Toxicity Equivalency Factor (I-TEF) method of risk assessment for complex mixtures of dioxins and related compounds. Pilot study on international information exchange on dioxins and related compounds. Committee on the Challenges of Modern Society. #188: 56 pp.

NH&W (National Health and Welfare), 1977. Nutrition Canada Survey, food consumption patterns report 1970-1972. Bureau of Nutritional Services, Health Protection Branch, 248 pp.

Norstrom, R.J., Clark, T.P. and Weseloh, D.V., 1985. Great Lakes monitoring using herring gulls, In. T.C. Hutchinson and S.M. Evans (eds). Hazardous contaminants in Ontario: Human and Environmental effects. Institute for Environmental Studies, University of Toronto, pp. 86-98.

Norstrom, R.J. and Simon, M., 1983. Preliminary appraisal of tetra- to octachlorodibenzodioxin contamination in eggs of various species of wildlife in Canada. In. J. Miyamoto et al. (ed). IUPAC Pesticide Chemistry, Human Welfare and Environment. Pergamon Press: New York. 165-170.

Norstrom, R.J., Hallett, D.J., Simon, M., Mulvihill, M.J., 1982. Analysis of Great Lakes herring gull eggs for tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxins. In. Hutzinger et al., (eds) Chlorinated Dioxins and Related compounds: Impact on the Environment. Pergamon Press: New York. 173-181.

Norstrom, R.J., Clark, T.P., Jeffrey, D.A., Won, H.T. and Gilman, A.P., 1986. Dynamics of organochlorine compounds in herring gulls (Larus argentatus): I. Distribution and clearance of [¹⁴C] DDE in free-living herring gulls (Larus argentatus). Environ. Toxicol. Chem. 5: 41-48.

Norstrom, R.J., Simon, M. and Muir, D.C.G., (submitted). Chlorinated dioxins and furans in marine mammals from the Canadian Arctic. Arch. Environ. Contam. Toxicol.

NRCC, (National Research Council of Canada), 1981a. Polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins: Criteria for their effects on man and his environment. Associate Committee on Scientific Criteria for Environmental Quality. NRCC #18574: 251 pp.

NRCC, 1981b. Polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins: Limitation to the current analytical techniques. Associate Committee on Scientific Criteria for Environmental Quality. NRCC #18576: 184 pp.

NRCC, 1984. Polychlorinated dibenzofurans: Criteria for their effects on humans and the environment. Associate Committee on Scientific Criteria for Environmental Quality. NRCC #22846: 243 pp.

Oliver, R.M., 1975. Toxic effects of 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-1,4-dioxin in laboratory workers. Br. J. Ind. Med. 32: 49-53.

OME (Ontario Ministry of the Environment), 1985. Scientific Criteria Document for Standard Development No. 4-84: Polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins (PCDDs) and polychlorinated dibenzofurans (PCDFs).

Ott, M.G., Holder, B.B., and Olson, R.D., 1980. A mortality analysis of employees engaged in the manufacture of 2,4,5- trichlorophenoxyacetic acid. J. Occup. Med. 22: 47-50.

Peakall, D.B. and Fox, G.A., 1987. Toxicological investigations of pollutant-related effects in Great Lakes gulls. Environ. Health Persp. 71: 187-193.

Poiger, H. and Schlatter, C., 1986. Pharmacokinetics of 2,3,7,8-TCDD in man. Chemosphere 15: 1489-1494.

Rickert, W.S., Collishaw, NE.., Bray, D.F. and Robinson, J.C., 1986. Estimates of maximum or average cigarette tar, nicotine, and carbon monoxide yields can be obtained from yields under standard conditions. Prevent. Med. 15: 82-91.

Roberts, R.J. and Boddington, M.J., 1983. The theory of accumulation and its relationship to the choice of monitoring matrices for dioxins. In. Tucker, R.E. et al. (eds). Human and environmental risks of chlorinated dioxins and related compounds. Environ. Sci. Res. 26. 301-321.

Rogan, W.J., Gladen, B.C., Hung, H.-L., Koong, S-L., Shih, L-Y., Taylor, J.S., Wu, Y-C., Yang, D., Ragan, N.B., and Hsu, C-C., 1988. Congenital poisoning by polychlorinated biphenyls and their contaminants in Taiwan. Science 241: 334-336.

Rozman, K., 1989. A critical view of the mechanism(s) of toxicity of 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin: implications for human safety assessment. Dermatosen 37(3): 82-92.

Ryan, J.J. and Norstrom, R., (In press). Occurrence in humans and major exposure routes. In. Environmental Carcinogens: Methods of Analysis and Exposure Measurement, Vol. 11, Polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins, Dibenzofurans and Biphenyls, Chapter 6.

Ryan, J.J., Lizotte, R. and Lau, B.P.-Y., 1985. Chlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and chlorinated dibenzofurans in Canadian human adipose tissue. Chemosphere 14: 697-706.

Ryan, J.J., Lau, B.P.-Y., Hardy, J.A., Stone, W.B., O'Keefe, P. and Gierty, J.F., 1986. 2,3,7,8-Tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin and related dioxins and furans in snapping turtle (Chelydra serpentina) tissues from the upper St. Lawrence River. Chemosphere 15: 537-548.

Schecter, A. and Ryan, J.J., 1989. Blood and adipose tissue levels of PCDDs/PCDFs over three

years in a patient after exposure to polychlorinated dioxins and dibenzofurans. Chemosphere 18: 635-642.

Schecter, A. and Tiernan, T., 1985. Occupational exposure to polychlorinated dioxins, polychlorinated furans, polychlorinated biphenyls, and biphenylenes after an electrical panel and transformer accident in an office building in Binghamton, N.Y. Environ. Health Persp. 60: 305-313.

Sheffield, A., 1985. Polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins (PCDDs) and polychlorinated dibenzofurans (PCDFs) sources and releases. Environment Canada. EPS 5/HA/2. 47 pp.

Shiu, W.Y., Doucette, W., Gobas, A.P.C., Andren, A. and Mackay, D., 1988. Physical-Chemical Properties of Chlorinated Dibenzo-p-dioxins. Environ. Sci. Technol. 22: 651-658.

Stalling, D.L., Smith, L.M., Petty, J.D., Hogin, J.W., Johnson, J.L., Rappe, C. and Buser, H.P., 1983. Residues of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans in Laurentian Great Lakes fish. In. R.F. Tucker et al., (eds). Human and environmental risks of chlorinated dioxins and related compounds. Plenum Press: New York. 221-240.

Stalling, D.L., Norstrom, R.J., Smith, L.M., and Simon, M., 1985. Patterns of Great Lakes fish and birds, and their characteristics by principal component analysis. Chemosphere 14: 627-643.

Stalling DL.L., Peterman, P.H., Smith, L.M., Norstrom, R.J. and Simon, M., 1986. Use of pattern recognition in the evaluation of PCDD and PCDF residue data from GC/MS analyses. Chemosphere 15: 1435-1443.

Thiess, A.M., Frentzel-Beyme, R., and Link, R., 1982. Mortality study of persons exposed to dioxin in a trichlorophenol-process accident that occurred in the BASF AG on November 17,1 953. Am. J. Ind. Med. 3: 179-189.

Tucker, R.E., Young, A.L. and Gray, A.P. ( eds), 1983. Human and environmental risks of chlorinated dioxins and related compounds. Env. Sci. Res. 26. Plenum Press: New York. 823 pp.

U.S.EPA (United States Environmental Protection Agency), 1985. Health Assessment Document for Polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins. Office for Health and Environmental Assessment. EPA/600/8-884/014F. PB #86-122546.

U.S.EPA, 1988. Estimating exposure to 2,3,7,8-TCDD. Office of Health and Environmental Assessment. EPA/600/6-68/005A. PB #88-231196.

WHO (World Health Organization), 1987. PCDD and PCDF emissions from incinerators for municipal sewage sludge and solid waste -evaluation of human exposure. Environmental Health #17, Regional Office for Europe, Copenhagen, Denmark. 56 pp.

WHO, 1988. Assessment of health risks in infants associated with exposure to PCBs, PCDDs and PCDFs in breast milk. Report on a WHO Working Group: Abano Terme/Padua, 16-19 February, 1987. WHO Regional Office for Europe: Copenhagen.

WHO, 1989 (In press). Polychlorinated dibenzo-para-dioxins and dibenzofurans. Environmental Health Criteria #88. International Programme on Chemical Safety. Geneva, Switzerland.

Zack, J. and Gaffey, W., 1983. A mortality study of workers employed at the Monsanto Company plant in Nitro, West Virginia. In. Tucker, R.E., et al. (eds). Human and environmental risks of chlorinated dioxins and related compounds. Plenum Press: New York. 575-591.

Zack, J.A. and Suskind, R.R., 1980. The mortality experience of workers exposed to tetrachlorodibenzodioxin in a trichlorophenol process accident. J. Occup. Med. 22: 11-14.