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Effluents from Pulp Mills using Bleaching - PSL1

Environment Canada
Health Canada
1991
ISBN: 0-662-18734-2 DSS
Cat. No.: En40-215/2E

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(PDF Version - 414 K)

Canadian Environmental Protection Act

Table of Contents

• Preface
• Summary
• Acknowledgements
• Section 1 The Canadian Environmental Protection Act
• Section 2 Risk Assessment Criteria
• Section 3 Scope of the Investigation of Effluents from Pulp Mills Using Bleaching
• Section 4 Overview of Findings
  • 4.1 Scientific and Technical Literature
  • 4.2 Definitions of Bleached Pulp Manufacturing Processes
    • 4.2.1 Pulping
    • 4.2.2 Bleaching
    • 4.2.3 Effluent Treatment
  • 4.3 Important Chemical and Physical Properties of Chlorinated Organic Pulp Mill Effluents
  • 4.4 Composition of Chlorine-bleached Pulp Mill Effluents
  • 4.5 Analytical Methodology for Chlorinated Organics in Bleached Pulp Mill Effluents
  • 4.6 Regulations Governing Pulp and Paper Mill Effluent
    • 4.6.1 Canadian Regulations
    • 4.6.2 Foreign Regulations
    • 4.6.3 Non-regulated Parameters
  • 4.7 Quantities of Chlorinated Organic Compounds Entering the Environment
  • 4.8 Environmental Fate and Levels
    • 4.8.1 Fate and Persistence of Chlorinated Organic Compounds Discharged from Bleached Pulp Mills
    • 4.8.2 Levels and Distribution of Chlorinated Organic Compounds in the Aquatic Environment
  • 4.9 Effects of Bleached Pulp Mill Effluents on the Aquatic Environment
    • 4.9.1 Acute Lethality
    • 4.9.2 Chronic Effects
    • 4.9.3 Other Effects
• Section 5 Risk Assessment, Conclusions and Future Considerations
  • 5.1 Source Assessment
  • 5.2 Distribution and Fate Assessment
  • 5.3 Exposure and Effects Assessment
  • 5.4 Risk Assessment
  • 5.5 Conclusion
  • 5.6 Future Considerations
• References

List of Tables

• Table 1 Regulatory Schedule for Discharge of Organochlorine Compounds from Pulp Mills which Employ Chlorine Bleaching
• Table 2 European Regulatory Schedules for Source-Control of Chlorinated Organic Compounds
• Table 3 Bioconcentration Factors of Compounds Discharged from Bleached Pulp Mills
• Table 4 Canadian Adsorbable Organic Halogen Measurements (1989)
• Table 5 Range of AOX Concentrations in the Effluent and Immediate Receiving Waters During Mean and Minimal Daily Watercourse Flows (Freshwater)
• Table 6 Concentration Range and LC5Os of Bleached Pulp Mill-Generated Compounds Found in Biologically-Treated Effluents from Kraft and Sulphite Mills

List of Figures

• Figure 1 Locations of Canadian Pulp Mills Employing Chlorine Bleaching
• Figure 2 Compounds Detected in Canadian Bleached Pulp Mill Effluents
• Figure 3 Specific Compounds Discharged from Bleached Pulp Mills