Reducing Work-Life Conflict: What Works? What Doesn't?

Appendix C

a. Perceived Flexibility: Differences by Gender and Job Type

	Males		Females
	Managers/Prof	Other	Managers/Prof	Other
Vary work hours:
Low flexibility	27.6	33.8	41.3	35
Moderate flexibility	17.3	20.6	16.1	20.6
High flexibility	55.1	45.6	42.6	44
Vary work location (tele-work)
Low flexibility	61.8	71	70.9	76.8
Moderate flexibility	15.6	14.1	12.1	11.8
High flexibility	22.6	14.9	17	11.4
Take holidays when want
Low flexibility	24.7	22.5	33.4	26
Moderate flexibility	20.9	23.4	19.9	23
High flexibility	54.4	54	46.6	51.1
Take time off to attend course or conference
Low flexibility	29.4	29.6	37.1	31.5
Moderate flexibility	23.3	29.5	23.8	27.3
High flexibility	46.6	40.9	39.2	42.2
Interrupt work day and then return
Low flexibility	21.3	21.6	41.8	28.9
Moderate flexibility	19.4	22.5	17.1	21.9
High flexibility	59.2	55.9	41	49.2
Take paid day off when child is sick
Low flexibility	20.7	20.2	34.6	27.8
Moderate flexibility	20.6	23.4	17.7	19.8
High flexibility	58.7	56.3	47.6	52.4
Take paid day off to care for elderly relative
Low flexibility	24.5	23.9	41	33.4
Moderate flexibility	25.3	28.6	20.1	23.5
High flexibility	50.2	47.5	38.9	43.1
Have meals with family
Low flexibility	27.4	25.9	29.2	22.7
Moderate flexibility	21.9	25.4	21.6	22.4
High flexibility	50.7	48.7	49.2	54.9
Be home when children get home from school
Low flexibility	76.8	72.1	76.7	71.7
Moderate flexibility	12.8	16.4	12.1	13.7
High flexibility	10.3	11.5	11.2	14.6
Arrange work schedule to meet personal/family commitments
Low flexibility	35.3	37.4	43.9	36
Moderate flexibility	22.5	25.8	20.2	23.8
High flexibility	42.2	36.8	35.9	40.2

b. Perceived Flexibility: Differences by Gender and Dependent Care Status

	Males		Females
	No Dependents	Dependents	No Dependents	Dependents
Vary work hours:
Low flexibility	30.5	30.2	36	39.3
Moderate flexibility	18.6	18.9	18.5	18.8
High flexibility	50.9	50.9	45.5	46.6
Vary work location (tele-work)
Low flexibility	65.6	65.8	73	75
Moderate flexibility	15.6	14.5	12	11.9
High flexibility	18.8	19.6	15.1	13.1
Take holidays when want
Low flexibility	22.8	24.3	28.7	29.7
Moderate flexibility	21.8	22.1	20.8	22.3
High flexibility	55.3	53.6	50.5	47.9
Take time off to attend course or conference
Low flexibility	27.9	30.5	31.8	35.9
Moderate flexibility	26.2	26.9	25.5	25.8
High flexibility	45.8	42.6	42.6	38.3
Interrupt work day and then return
Low flexibility	20	22.4	31.9	36.8
Moderate flexibility	21.5	20.3	20.4	19.2
High flexibility	58.5	57.3	47.6	44
Take paid day off when child is sick
Low flexibility	18.3	21.2	30.2	31.3
Moderate flexibility	23.2	21.4	19.9	18.4
High flexibility	58.5	57.4	49.9	50.5
Take paid day off to care for elderly relative
Low flexibility	21	25.8	33.2	38.7
Moderate flexibility	26.3	27.1	23.1	21.4
High flexibility	52.7	47.2	43.7	44.5
Have meals with family
Low flexibility	24.4	28.1	23.8	26.9
Moderate flexibility	23.9	23.2	21.6	22.4
High flexibility	51.7	48.7	54.6	50.7
Be home when children get home from school
Low flexibility	63.5	77.6	70.4	75.2
Moderate flexibility	22.5	12.4	16.2	11.8
High flexibility	14.1	10	13.4	13
Arrange work schedule to meet personal/family commitments
Low flexibility	32.1	38.8	35	43.3
Moderate flexibility	23.4	24.3	21.9	22.4
High flexibility	44.5	36.9	43.1	34.3

Impact of Perceived Flexibility on Work-Life Conflict (Total Measure)

a. Gender/Job Type Analysis

Sample: .25,531

3 (perceived flexibility) by 4 (gender and job type) ANOVA

Where perceived flexibility is defined as:
1 = Difficult
2 = Neutral
3 = Easy

Gender and job type is defined as:
1 = Male Managers/Professional
2 = Male Other
3 = Female Managers/Professional
4 = Female Other

Results of the Omnibus Test

	R2	Main Effect: Perceived Flexibility	Main Effect: Gender and Job Type	Interaction
Overload	0.117	F = 1211.2, α = .000	F =161.3, α = .000	F = 4.4, α = .000
Work to Family	0.195	F = 2392.9, α = .000	F = 326.8, α = .000	F = 7.3, α = .000
Family to Work	0.024	F = 247.6 α = .000	F = 4.1, α = .006	F = 8.0, α = .000
Caregiver Strain	0.036	F = 33.6, α = .000	F = 79.1, α = .000	F = 0.8 α = .59

Impact of Perceived Flexibility: Examination of Significant Interaction Term

	Male						Female
	Difficult		Neutral		Easy		Difficult		Neutral		Easy
	M/P	O	M/P	O	M/P	O	M/P	O	M/P	O	O	M/P
Overload	4	3.8	3.6	3.4	3.2	3	4	4	3.8	3.7	3.5	3.2
W to F	3.7	3.4	3.2	2.8	2.6	2.3	3.5	3.2	3	2.7	2.5	2.1
F to W*	2.3	2.4	2.4	2.3	2.2	2.2	2.4	2.5	2.4	2.3	2.2	1.9

b. Gender/Dependent Care Analysis

3 (perceived flexibility) by 4 (gender and dependent care type) ANOVA

Where perceived flexibility is defined as defined previously.

Gender and dependent care status is defined as:
1 = Male - No Dependents
2 = Male - Dependents
3 = Female - No Dependents
4 = Female - Dependents

Results of the Omnibus Test

	R2	Main Effect: Perceived Flexibility	Main Effect: Gender and Dependent Care	Interaction
Overload	0.123	F = 1148.4, α = .000	F =224.9, α = .000	F = 3.4, α = .003
Work to Family	0.177	F = 2280.5, α = .000	F = 152.5, α = .000	F = 1.6, α = .14
Family to Work	0.057	F = 207.4 α = .000	F = 304.7, α = .000	F = 2.0, α = .07
Caregiver Strain	0.048	F = 15.5, α = .000	F = 105.4, α = .000	F = 0.7 α = .66

Impact of Perceived Flexibility: Examination of Significant Interaction Term

	Male						Female
	Difficult		Neutral		Easy		Difficult		Neutral		Easy
	No D	D	No D	D	No D	D	No D	D	No D	D	No D	D
Overload	3.7	3.9	3.4	3.6	3	3.2	3.9	4.1	3.6	3.8	3.2	3.5

Impact of Perceived Flexibility: Main Effect

	x Work to Family	x Family to Work	x Caregiver Strain
Difficult	3.5	2.4	2
Neutral	2.9	2.3	1.8
Easy	2.4	2	1.7
Δ	-1.1	-0.4	-0.3

Impact of Different Types of Flexibility on Work-Life Conflict

a. Gender/Job Type Analysis

	R2	Main Effect: Coping Strategy	Main Effect: Gender and Job Type	Interaction
Vary working hours (arrival or departure times)
Overload	0.055	F = 348.8, α = .000	F = 152.1, α = .000	F = 2.5, α = .02
Work to Family	0.09	F = 715.3, α = .000	F = 274.2, α = .000	F = 4.0, α = .001
Family to Work	0.008	F = 61.9, α = .000	F = 8.4, α = .000	F = 5.4, α = .000
Caregiver Strain	0.037	F = 16.3, α = .000	F = 60.0, α = .000	F = 0.7 α = .85
Spent some of regular work day working from home
Overload	0.036	F =126.6, α = .000	F = 100.6, α = .000	F = 1.4, α = .18
Work to Family	0.037	F = 119.4, α = .000	F = 112.7, α = .000	F = 1.6, α = .16
Family to Work	0.001	F = 4.8, α = .009	F = 6.1, α = .000	F = 1.8, α = .08
Caregiver Strain	0.028	F = 3.8, α = .02	F = 37.2, α = .000	F = 1.2, α = .28
Take holidays when want
Overload	0.071	F = 582.1, α = .000	F = 145.6, α = .000	F = 3.8, α = .001
Work to Family	0.126	F = 1264.9, α = .000	F =255.3, α = .000	F = 3.2, α = .004
Family to Work	0.007	F = 71.0, α = .000	F = 6.3, α = .000	F = 2.5, α = .01
Caregiver Strain	0.033	F = 21.2, α = .000	F = 67.3, α = .000	F = 0.3, α = .91
Take time off to attend conference or course
Overload	0.088	F = 802.8, α = .000	F = 170.9, α = .000	F = 4.8, α = .000
Work to Family	0.126	F = 1240.4, α = .000	F = 262.8, α = .000	F = 4.3, α = .000
Family to Work	0.012	F = 130.7, α = .000	F = 3.9, α = .008	F =3.4, α = .002
Caregiver Strain	0.037	F = 42.5, α = .000	F = 62.9, α = .000	F = 0.6, α = .84
Interrupt work day for personal/family reasons and then return
Overload	0.095	F = 672.2, α = .000	F = 109.4, α = .000	F = 4.8, α = .000
Work to Family	0.128	F = 1248.4, α = .000	F = 172.6, α = .000	F = 7.4, α = .000
Family to Work	0.012	F = 107.9, α = .000	F = 4.1, α = .008	F =5.5, α = .000
Caregiver Strain	0.037	F = 34.2, α = .000	F = 48.8, α = .000	F = 0.6, α = .81
Take paid day off when child is sick
Overload	0.075	F = 197.7, α = .06	F = 145.7, α = .000	F = 6.1, α = .000
Work to Family	0.113	F = 652.6, α= .000	F = 152.6, α = .000	F = 9.1, α = .000
Family to Work	0.015	F = 59.2, α= .06	F = 20.6, α = .000	F = 3.2, α = .004
Caregiver Strain	0.032	F = 18.8, α= .004	F = 35.6, α = .000	F = 0.6, α = .79
Take paid day off when an elderly relative needs you
Overload	0.087	F = 367.8, α = .000	F = 126.4, α = .000	F = 4.5, α = .000
Work to Family	0.111	F = 669.6, α= .000	F = 174.2, α = .000	F = 9.4, α = .000
Family to Work	0.018	F = 128.5, α= .000	F = 2.5, α = .05	F = 2.6, α = .02
Caregiver Strain	0.035	F = 22.57, α= .000	F = 54.9, α = .000	F = 1.2, α = .28
Have meals with family
Overload	0.078	F = 618.2, α = .000	F = 183.4, α = .000	F = 2.1, α = .05
Work to Family	0.155	F = 1525.7, α= .000	F = 199.7, α = .000	F = 2.1, α = .05
Family to Work	0.012	F = 97.3, α= .000	F = 3.1, α = .03	F = 7.5, α = .000
Caregiver Strain	0.048	F = 35.7, α= .000	F = 63.5, α = .000	F = 0.9, α = .45
Be home when children get home from school
Overload	0.066	F = 195.9, α = .000	F = 89.1, α = .000	F = 1.6, α = .14
Work to Family	0.076	F = 326.1, α= .000	F = 46.7, α = .000	F = 1.4, α = .22
Family to Work	0.022	F = 67.7, α= .000	F = 9.9, α = .000	F = 4.8, α = .000
Caregiver Strain	0.024	F = 2.5, α= .08	F = 16.8, α = .000	F = 0.9, α = .23
Arrange work schedule (shifts, overtime) to meet personal/family commitments
Overload	0.112	F = 940.6, α = .000	F = 176.6, α = .000	F = 3.9, α = .000
Work to Family	0.175	F = 1980.3, α= .000	F = 242.7, α = .000	F = 3.5, α = .001
Family to Work	0.022	F = 213.4, α= .000	F = 3.6, α = .01	F = 6.8, α = .000
Caregiver strain	0.035	F = 35.8, α= .000	F = 62.3, α = .000	F = 0.9, α = .46

Details: Significant Interaction Terms in Table 5a

Impact of Level of Flexibility on Work-Life Conflict	Male						Female
	Manager / Prof.			Other			Manager / Prof.			Other
	M	W	D	M	W	D	M	W	D	M	W	D
Vary work hours
W to F	3.4	3.1	2.9	3.1	2.9	2.5	3.3	3.1	2.8	3	2.7	2.3
F to W	2.3	2.3	2.2	2.3	2.3	2	2.3	2.3	2.2	2.3	2.2	2
Take holidays when want
Overload	3.9	3.6	3.4	3.7	3.4	3.2	4	3.8	3.6	3.9	3.7	3.4
W to F	3.6	3.2	2.8	3.3	3	2.5	3.4	3.1	2.8	3.2	2.8	2.3
F to W	2.4	2.4	2.2	2.3	2.3	2.1	2.3	2.3	2.2	2.3	2.3	2.1
Take time off for course
Overload	3.9	3.5	3.3	3.7	3.4	3.1	4	3.8	3.6	4	3.6	3.4
W to F	3.5	3.1	2.8	3.2	2.8	2.5	3.4	3	2.7	3.1	2.7	2.3
F to W	2.3	2.3	2.2	2.3	2.3	2	2.4	2.3	2.2	2.4	2.3	2
Interrupt work day
Overload	3.9	3.6	3.4	3.7	3.4	3.2	4	3.8	3.6	4	3.7	3.4
W to F	3.6	3.2	2.8	3.4	2.9	2.7	3.3	3	2.7	3.1	2.7	2.3
F to W	2.3	2.3	2.2	2.4	2.3	2.1	2.4	2.3	2.2	2.4	2.3	2
Take paid day off child care
Overload	3.9	3.7	3.4	3.7	3.5	3.3	4	3.9	3.8	4	3.8	3.6
W to F	3.6	3.3	2.9	3.4	3.1	2.6	3.3	3.3	2.9	3.1	2.9	2.4
F to W	2.5	2.3	2.3	2.5	2.4	2.2	2.6	2.5	2.5	2.6	2.5	2.3
Take paid day off elder care
Overload	3.9	3.6	3.4	3.7	3.4	3.2	4	3.9	3.8	4	3.6	3.4
W to F	3.5	3.2	2.8	3.3	2.9	2.5	3.3	3.2	2.8	3.1	2.7	2.3
Have meals with family
F to W	2.4	2.4	2.3	2.4	2.3	2	2.4	2.4	2.3	2.5	2.3	2.1
Home when children get home from school
F to W	2.5	2.4	2.4	2.5	2.4	2.2	2.7	2.4	2.4	2.6	2.3	2.3
Arrange work schedule
Overload	3.8	3.6	3.3	3.7	3.4	3.1	4	3.8	3.5	4	3.8	3.3
W to F	3.5	3.1	2.7	3.3	2.8	2.4	3.4	3	2.6	3.2	2.6	2.2
F to W	2.4	2.4	2.1	2.4	2.3	2	2.4	2.3	2.2	2.5	2.3	2

Details: Significant Main Effects on Table 5b

Impact of Perceived Flexibility on Work-Life Conflict	Level of Flexibility
	L	M	H	Δ
Vary work hours
Overload	3.8	3.6	3.4	-0.4
Caregiver strain	2	1.9	1.8	-0.2
Vary work location (i.e. tele-work)
Overload	3.7	3.5	3.4	-0.3
W to F	3	2.8	2.7	-0.3
Take holidays when you want
Caregiver strain	2	2	1.7	-0.3
Interrupt work day then return
Caregiver strain	2	1.9	1.7	-0.3
Take paid day off to look after sick child
F to W	2.6	2.5	2.3	-0.3
Take paid day off to care for elderly relative
F to W	2.4	2.3	2.1	-0.3
Be home to have meals with family
Overload	4	3.7	3.4	-0.6
W to F	3.4	3	2.5	-0.9
Be home when children get home from school
Overload	3.8	3.5	3.4	-0.4
W to F	3.4	2.9	2.4	-1

Impact of Different Types of Flexibility on Work-Life Conflict

b. Gender/Dependent Care Analysis

	R2	Main Effect: Coping Strategy	Main Effect: Gender and Dependent Care	Interaction
Vary Working Hours (arrival or departure times)
Overload	0.066	F = 335.6, α = .000	F = 241.1, α = .000	F = 2.2, α = .04
Work to Family	0.077	F = 675.8, α = .000	F = 142.4, α = .000	F =0.7, α = .62
Family to Work	0.051	F = 60.2, α = .000	F = 308.3, α = .000	F = 3.2, α = .004
Caregiver Strain	0.051	F = 9.6, α = .000	F = 92.0, α = .000	F = 0.8 α = .58
Spent some of regular work day working from home
Overload	0.049	F =109.1, α = .000	F = 158.4, α = .000	F = 0.8, α = .61
Work to Family	0.024	F = 94.9, α = .000	F = 73.5, α = .000	F = 1.4, α = .22
Family to Work	0.042	F = 3.6, α = .03	F = 196.2, α = .000	F = 1.0, α = .42
Caregiver Strain	0.042	F = 2.0, α = .14	F = 57.4, α = .000	F = 0.8, α = .47
Take holidays when want
Overload	0.088	F = 604.2, α = .000	F = 228.8, α = .000	F = 3.7, α = .001
Work to Family	0.113	F = 1273.5, α = .000	F =145.7, α = .000	F = 2.5, α = .02
Family to Work	0.048	F = 69.4, α = .000	F = 300.3, α = .000	F = 0.8, α = .47
Caregiver Strain	0.045	F = 15.6, α = .65	F = 92.8, α = .000	F = 0.5, α = .84
Take time off to attend conference or course
Overload	0.11	F = 785.3, α = .000	F = 260.2, α = .000	F = 3.5, α = .002
Work to Family	0.111	F = 1203.5, α = .000	F = 126.4, α = .000	F = 3.2, α = .003
Family to Work	0.052	F = 111.0, α = .000	F = 324.3, α = .000	F =1.3, α = .25
Caregiver Strain	0.05	F = 23.8, α = .000	F = 98.3, α = .000	F = 1.0, α = .46
Interrupt work day for personal/family reasons and then return
Overload	0.095	F = 666.3, α = .002	F = 195.2, α = .000	F = 2.0, α = .06
Work to Family	0.114	F = 1233.2, α = .000	F = 177.8, α = .000	F = 1.9, α = .08
Family to Work	0.005	F = 100.6, α = .08	F = 294.6, α = .000	F = 1.8, α = .08
Caregiver Strain	0.048	F = 16.1, α = .000	F = 80.1, α = .000	F = 1.7, α = .12
Take paid day off when child is sick
Overload	0.073	F = 233.8, α = .06	F = 140.2, α = .000	F = 4.8, α = .000
Work to Family	0.088	F = 529.5, α= .000	F = 45.5, α = .000	F = 4.5, α = .000
Family to Work	0.018	F = 62.0, α= .06	F = 33.8, α = .000	F = 2.3, α = .03
Caregiver Strain	0.039	F = 5.6, α= .004	F = 52.8, α = .000	F = 1.3, α = .39
Take paid day off when elderly relative needs you
Overload	0.082	F = 326.3, α = .000	F = 147.2, α = .000	F = 2.1, α = .05
Work to Family	0.094	F = 590.3, α= .000	F = 70.4, α = .000	F = 2.3, α = .03
Family to Work	0.043	F = 118.2, α= .000	F = 116.8, α = .000	F = 2.3 α = .03
Caregiver Strain	0.047	F = 10.9, α= .000	F = 78.7, α = .000	F = 0.5, α = .80
Have meals with family
Overload	0.088	F = 608.5, α = .000	F = 227.5, α = .000	F = 2.0, α = .06
Work to Family	0.135	F = 1479.4, α= .000	F = 70.8, α = .000	F = 1.9, α = .06
Family to Work	0.042	F = 89.3, α= .000	F = 226.9, α = .000	F = 1.7, α = .42
Caregiver Strain	0.048	F = 21.5, α= .000	F = 91.5, α = .000	F = 0.8, α = .53
Be home when children get home from school
Overload	0.067	F = 155.4, α = .000	F = 88.4, α = .000	F = 2.8, α = .01
Work to Family	0.054	F = 257.9, α= .000	F = 8.7, α = .000	F = 0.7, α = .62
Family to Work	0.023	F = 58.4, α= .000	F = 11.6, α = .000	F = 6.6, α = .000
Caregiver Strain	0.031	F = 1.6, α= .21	F = 24.1, α = .000	F = 0.6, α = .71
Arrange work schedule (shifts, overtime) to meet personal/family commitments
Overload	0.116	F = 862.2, α = .000	F = 223.6, α = .000	F = 2.4, α = .03
Work to Family	0.158	F = 1863.9, α= .000	F = 84.5, α = .000	F = 1.2, α = .29
Family to Work	0.056	F = 169.0, α= .000	F = 265.3, α = .000	F = 3.6, α = .001
Caregiver strain	0.051	F = 24.8, α= .000	F = 89.9, α = .000	F = 0.9, α = .46

Details: Significant Interaction Terms in Table 4a

Impact of Level of Flexibility on Work-Life Conflict	Male						Female
	No Dependents			Dependents			No Dependents			Dependents
	M	W	D	M	W	D	M	W	D	M	W	D
Vary work hours
F to W	2.1	2	1.9	2.5	2.5	2.3	2.1	2	1.9	2.5	2.5	2.3
Take holidays when want
Overload	3.7	3.4	3.1	3.9	3.6	3.4	3.8	3.6	3.2	4	3.9	3.7
Take time off for course
Overload	3.7	3.3	3.1	3.9	3.6	3.4	3.9	3.5	3.3	4.1	3.8	3.6
W to F	3.3	2.8	2.4	3.4	3	2.7	3.2	2.7	2.3	3.2	2.7	2.5
Take paid day off child care
Overload				3.9	3.6	3.3				4	3.9	3.8
W to F				3.6	3.2	2.7				3.2	3.1	2.7
Home when children get home from school
Overload				3.7	3.4	3.2				4	3.8	3.2
F to W				2.5	2.5	2.5				2.7	2.4	2.3
Arrange work schedule
F to W	2.1	2.1	1.9	2.5	2.5	2.2	2.2	2.1	1.8	2.6	2.4	2.1

Details: Significant Main Effects in Table 4b

Impact of Perceived Flexibility on Work-Life Conflict	Level of Flexibility
	L	M	H	Δ
Vary work hours
Overload	3.8	3.6	3.4	-0.4
W to F	3.2	2.9	2.6	-0.6
Caregiver strain	2	1.8	1.7	-0.3
Vary work location (i.e. tele-work)
Overload	3.7	3.5	3.4	-0.3
W to F	3	2.8	2.7	-0.3
Take holidays when you want
W to F	3.3	3	2.5	-0.8
F to W	2.3	2.3	2	-0.3
Interrupt work day then return
Overload	3.9	3.6	3.3	-0.6
W to F	3.4	2.9	2.6	-0.8
F to W	2.3	2.2	2.1	-0.2
Caregiver strain	2	1.9	1.7	-0.3
Take paid day off to look after sick child
F to W	2.6	2.5	2.3	-0.3
Take paid day off to care for elderly relative
Overload	3.9	3.6	3.4	-0.6
W to F	3.3	2.9	2.3	-1
F to W	2.4	2.3	2.1	-0.3
Be home to have meals with family
Overload	3.9	3.4	3.4	-0.6
W to F	3.4	3	2.5	-0.9
F to W	2.4	2.4	2.1	-0.3
Caregiver strain	1.9	1.9	1.6	-0.3
Be home when children get home from school
W to F	3.1	2.8	2.4	-0.7
Arrange work to meet personal/family commitments
Overload	3.9	3.6	3.2	-0.7
W to F	3.4	2.9	2.5	-0.9
Caregiver strain	1.9	1.8	1.6	-0.3