Guidelines for the Safe Use of Diagnostic Ultrasound - References

5. References

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American Institute of Ultrasound in Medicine (AIUM). Bioeffects and safety of diagnostic ultrasound. Laurel, MD: AIUM Publications; 1993.

American Institute of Ultrasound in Medicine/National Electrical Manufacturers Association (AIUM/NEMA). Standard for real-time display of thermal and mechanical acoustic output indices on diagnostic ultrasound equipment,Revision 1. Laurel, MD: AIUM Publications; 1998a.

American Institute of Ultrasound in Medicine/National Electrical Manufacturers Association (AIUM/NEMA). Acoustic output measurement standard for diagnostic ultrasound equipment. Laurel, MD: AIUM Publications;1998b.

American Institute of Ultrasound in Medicine (AIUM). Medical ultrasound safety. Rockville, MD: AIUM Publications; 1994.

American Institute of Ultrasound in Medicine (AIUM). Standard Methods for Measuring Performance of Pulse Echo Ultrasound Imaging Equipment. Rockville, MD: AIUM Publications; 1991.

American Institute of Ultrasound in Medicine (AIUM). Methods for Measuring Performance of Pulse-Echo Ultrasound Equipment, Part II: Digital Methods. Rockville, MD: AIUM Publications; 1995a.

American Institute of Ultrasound in Medicine (AIUM). AIUM Quality Assurance Manual for Gray-Scale Ultrasound Scanners. Rockville, MD: AIUM Publications; 1995b.

American Institute of Ultrasound in Medicine (AIUM). Mechanical Bioeffects from Diagnostic Ultrasound: AIUM Consensus Statements. J. Ultrasound in Medicine 19: number 2; (February 2000). (Also available from AIUM Publications.)

Apfel, R.E. and Holland, C.K. Gauging the likelihood of cavitation from short-pulse, low duty cycle diagnostic ultrasound. Ultrasound in Med. and Biol. 17:179-185;1991.

Baggs, R., Penney, D.P., Cox, C., Child, S.Z., Raeman, C.H., Dalecki, D. and Carstensen, E.L. Thresholds for ultrasonically induced lung hemorrhage in neonatal swine. Ultrasound in Med. and Biol. 22:119-128; 1996.

Barnett, S.B., ter Haar, G.R., Ziskin, M.C., Rott, H.D., Duck, F.A. and Maeda, K. International recommendations and guidelines for the safe use of diagnostic ultrasound in medicine. Ultrasound in Med. and Biol. 26:355-366; 2000.

Bly, S.H.P., Vlahovich, S., Mabee, P.R. and Hussey, R.G. Computed estimates of maximum temperature elevations in fetal tissues during transabdominal pulsed Doppler examinations. Ultrasound in Med. and Biol. 18:389-397; 1992.

Bosward, K.L., Barnett, S.B., Wood, A.K.W., Edwards, M.J. and Kossoff, G. Heating of guinea-pig fetal brain during exposure to pulsed ultrasound. Ultrasound in Med. and Biol. 19:415-424; 1993.

Carstensen, E.L., Duck, F.A., Meltzer, R.S., Schwarz, K.Q., Keller, B. Bioeffects in echocardiography. Echocardiography 6:605-623; 1992.

Child, S.Z., Hartman, C.L., McHale, L.A and E.L. Carstensen. Lung damage from exposure to pulsed ultrasound. Ultrasound in Med. and Biol. 16:817-825; 1990.

Dalecki, D., Raeman CH, Child SZ, et al, . The influence of contrast agents on hemorrhage produced by lithotripter fields. Ultrasound in Med. and Biol. 23:1435-1439; 1997.

Dalecki, D., Child, S.Z., Raeman, C.H., Cox, C. and Carstensen, E.L. Ultrasonically induced lung hemorrhage in young swine. Ultrasound in Med. and Biol. 23:777-781; 1997.

Dalecki, D., Child, S.Z., Raeman, C.H. and Cox, C. Hemorrhage in murine fetuses exposed to pulsed ultrasound. Ultrasound in Med. and Biol. 25:1139-1144; 1999.

Doody, C. Porter, H., Duck, F.A. and Humphrey, V.F. In vitro heating of human fetal vertebra by pulsed diagnostic ultrasound. Ultrasound in Med. and Biol. 25:1289-1294; 1999.

Duck, F.A., Starritt, H.C., ter Haar, G.R. and Lunt, M.J. Surface heating of diagnostic ultrasound transducers. Br. J. Radiology 67:1005-1013; 1989.

Duggan, P.M., Liggins, G.C. and Barnett, S.B. Ultrasonic heating of the brain of the fetal sheep in utero. Ultrasound in Med. and Biol. 21:553-560; 1995.

Duggan, P.M. and McCowan, L.M.E. Reference Ranges and Ultrasonographic Exposure Conditions for Pulsed Doppler Sonographic Studies of the Fetal Internal Carotid Artery. J Ultrasound in Medicine 12:719 - 722; 1993.

Frizzell, L.A., Chen, E. and Lee, C. Effects of pulsed ultrasound on the mouse neonate: hind limb paralysis and lung hemorrhage. Ultrasound in Med. and Biol. 20:53-63;1 994.

Henderson, J., Willson, K., Jago, J.R. and Whittingham, T. A survey of the acoustic outputs of diagnostic ultrasound equipment in current clinical use. Ultrasound in Med. and Biol. 21:699-705; 1995.

Holland, C.K., Deng, C.X., Apfel, R.E., Alderman, J.L., Fernandez, L.A., and Taylor, K.J.W. Direct evidence of cavitation in vivo from diagnostic ultrasound. Ultrasound in Med. and Biol. 22:917-925; 1996.

Lele, P.P. Local hyperthermia by ultrasound for cancer therapy. In: Nyborg, W.L.; Ziskin, M.C., eds. Biological effects of ultrasound. Clinincs in diagnostic ultrasound, Vol.16. New York: Churchill Livingstone:135-155; 1985.

Lopez, H. How to Interpret the Ultrasound Output Display Standard for Higher Acoustic Output Diagnostic Ultrasound Devices. J. Ultrasound in Medicine, Vol 17, pg 535 (1998).

Miller, D.L. and Gies, R.A. Gas-body-based contrast agent enhances vascular bioeffects of 1.09 Mhz ultrasound on mouse intestine. Ultrasound in Med. and Biol. 24:1201-1208; 1998.

Meltzer, R.S., Adsumelli, R., Risher, W.H., et al., Lack of lung hemorrhage in humans after intraoperative transesophageal echocardiography with ultrasound exposure conditions similar to those causing lung hemorrhage in laboratory animals. J. Am. Soc. Echocardiography 11:57-60; 1998.

National Council on Radiation Protection and Measurements (NCRP). Exposure criteria for medical diagnostic ultrasound: I.Criteria based on thermal mechanisms. Bethesda, MD: NCRP; June 1, 1992.

National Council on Radiation Protection and Measurements (NCRP). Exposure criteria for medical diagnostic ultrasound: II. Criteria based on mechanical mechanisms. Bethesda, MD: NCRP; in preparation

O'Brien, W.D. and Zachary, J.F. Lung damage assessment from exposure to pulsed-wave ultrasound in the rabbit, mouse and pig. IEEE Trans Ultras Ferro, Freq Cont 44: 473-485; 1997.

O'Neill, T.P., Winkler, A.J. and Wu, J. Ultrasound heating in a tissue-bone phantom. Ultrasound in Med. and Biol. 20:579-588; 1994.

Patton, C.A., Harris, G.R. and Phillips, R.A. Output Levels and Bioeffects Indices from Diagnostic Ultrasound Exposure Data Reported to the FDA. IEEE Trans Ultras Ferro, Freq Cont 41:353-359; 1994.

Ramnarine, K.V., Nassiri, D.K., Pearce, J.M., Joseph, A.E.A., Patel, R.H. and Varma, T.R. Estimation of in situ ultrasound exposure during obstetric examinations. Ultrasound in Med. and Biol. 19:319-329; 1993.

Shaw, A., Preston, R.C. and Bond, A.D. Assessment of the likely thermal index values for pulsed Doppler ultrasonic equipment - Stage I: calculation based on manufacturers' data. NPL Report CIRA(EXT) 018; 1997.

Shaw, A., Pay, N.M. and Preston, R.C. Assessment of the likely thermal index values for pulsed Doppler ultrasonic equipment - Stages II and III: experimental assessment of scanner/transducer combinations. NPL Report CMAM 12; 1998.

Siddiqi, T.A., O'Brien, W.D., Meyer, R.A., Sullivan, J.M. and Miodovnik, M. In situ human obstetrical ultrasound exposimetry: estimates of derating factors for each of three different tissue models. Ultrasound in Med. and Biol. 21:379-391; 1995.

Tarantal, A.F. and Canfield, D.R. Ultrasound-induced lung hemorrhage in the monkey. Ultrasound in Med. and Biol. 20:65-72; 1994.

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World Federation for Ultrasound in Medicine and Biology (WFUMB) WFUMB Symposium on Safety of Ultrasound in Medicine. Conclusions and recommendations on thermal and non-thermal mechanisms for biological effects of ultrasound. ed., Barnett, S.B. Ultrasound in Med. and Biol. 24: Supplement 1, 1998.

Zachary, J.F. and O'Brien, W.D., Jr. Lung lesions induced by continuous- and pulsed-wave (diagnostic) ultrasound in mice, rabbits and pigs. Vet Pathol 32:43-54; 1995.