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Guidelines on Exposure to Electromagnetic Fields from Magnetic Resonance Clinical Systems - Safety Code 26

Table of Contents

6. References

  1. Advice on acceptable limits of exposure to nuclear magnetic resonance clinical imaging by the National Radiological Protection Board, U.K.,
    Radiography, Vol. 50, No. 593, pp. 220, 1984.
  2. Athey, T.W., Ross, R.J. and Ruggera, P.S., Magnetic fields associated with a nuclear magnetic resonance imaging system. Magn. Res. Imag., Vol. 1, pp. 149-154, 1982.
  3. Barrafato, D., Helkelman, M., Magnetic resonance imaging and surgical clips, Canada J. Surg., Vol. 27, pp. 509-510, 1984.
  4. Bernhardt, J.H. and Kossel, F., Recommendations for the safe use of NMR equipment. Clin. Phys. Physiol. Meas., Vol. 6, pp. 65-74, 1985.
  5. Budinger, T.F., Health effects of in vivo nuclear magnetic resonance. IEEE Eng. Med. Biol. Magazine, Vol. 1, pp. 31-38, Sept. 1985.
  6. Budinger, T.F., Nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) in vivo studies: known thresholds for health effects, J. Comput. Assist. Tomogr., Vol. 50, pp. 800-811, 1981.
  7. Budinger, T.F., Thresholds for physiological effects due to RF and magnetic fields used in NMR imaging. IEEE Trans. Nucl. Sci., Vol. NS-26, pp. 2821-2825, 1979.
  8. Cooke, P. and Morris, P.G., The effects of NMR exposure on living organisms. II - A genetic study of human lymphocytes. Brit. J. Radiol., Vol. 54, pp. 622-625, 1981.
  9. David,P.L., Crooks, L., Arakawa, M., McRee, R., Kaufman, L. and Margulis, A.R., Potential hazards in NMR imaging: heating effects of changing magnetic fields and RF fields on small metallic implants, Am. J. Roentgeonology, Vol. 137, pp. 857-860, 1981.
  10. Dujovny, M., Kossovsky, N., Kossovsky, R., Valdivia, R., Suk, J.S., Diaz, F.G., Berman, S.K. and Cleary, W., Aneurysm clip motion during magnetic resonance imaging: in vivo experimental study with metallurgical factor analysis. Neurosurgery, Vol. 17, pp. 543-548, 1985.
  11. Elder, J.A. and Cahill, D.F. (Eds.), Biological Effects of Radio-frequency Radiation. Report No. EPA-600/8-83-026F. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC, 27711, 1984.
  12. Fetter, J., Aram, G., Homes, D.R., Gray, J.E. and Hayes, D.L., The effect of nuclear magnetic resonance imagers on external and implantable pulse generators. PACE, Vol. 7, pp. 720-727, 1984.
  13. Finn, E.J., Di Chiro, G., Brooks, R.A. and Sato, S., Ferromagnetic materials in patients: detection before MR imaging. Radiology, Vol. 156, pp. 139-141, 1985.
  14. Guidelines for evaluating electromagnetic exposure risk for trials of clinical NMR systems. Center for Devices and Radiological Health, Food and Drug Administration, U.S., 25 February, 1982.
  15. Holmes, D.R., Hayes, D.L., Gray, J.E. and Merideth, J., The effects of magnetic resonance imaging on implantable pulse generators. PACE, Vol. 9, pp. 360-370, 1986.
  16. Laakman, R.W., Kaufman, B., Hans, J.S., Nelson, A.D., Clampitt, M., O'Block, A.M., Haaga, J.R. and Alfidi, R.J., MR imaging in patients with metallic implants. Radiology, Vol. 157, pp. 711-714, 1985.
  17. McRobbie, D and Foster, M.A., Pulsed magnetic field exposure during pregnancy and implications for NMR foetal imaging: a study with mice. Magn. Res. Imag., Vol. 3, pp. 231-234, 1985.
  18. New, P.F.J., Rosen, B.R., Brady, T.J., Buonanno, F.S., Kistler, J.P., Burt, C.T., Hinshaw, W.S., Newhouse, J.H., Pohost, G.M. and Taveras, J.M., Potential hazards and artifacts of ferromagnetic and nonferromagnetic surgical and dental materials and devices in nuclear magnetic resonance imaging, Radiology, Vol. 147, pp. 139-148, April 1983.
  19. Ossenkopp, K.P., Kavaliers, M., Prato, F.S., Teskey, G.C., Sestini, E. and Hirst, M., Exposure to nuclear magnetic resonance imaging procedure attenuates morphine-induced analgesia in mice. Life Sciences,Vol. 37, pp. 1507-1514, 1985.
  20. Pavlicek, W., Geisinger, M., Castle, L., Borkowski, G.P., Meany, T.F., Bream, B.L. and Gallagher, J.H., The effects of nuclear magnetic resonance on patients with cardiac pacemakers. Radiology, Vol. 147, pp. 149-153, April 1983.
  21. Prasad, N., Bushang, S.C., Thornby, J.I., Bryan, R.N., Hazlewood, C.F. and Harrell, J.E., Effect of nuclear magnetic resonance on chromosomes of mouse bone marrow cells. Mag. Res. Imag., Vol. 2, pp. 37-39, 1984.
  22. Recommendations on preventing health risks caused by the magnetic and high frequency electromagnetic fields produced in NMR tomography and in vivo NMR spectroscopy. Bundes ges undheitsblatt, Federal Republic of Germany,Vol. 27, No. 3, pp. 92-96, 1984 (in German).
  23. Recommendations to ensure protection of patients and operational personnel from potential hazards in proton NMR imaging. Environmental Health Directorate Publication No. 85-EHD-124, 1985.
  24. Saunders, R.D. and Orr, J.S., Biologic effects of NMR. In Nuclear Magnetic Resonance, NMR, Imaging. Partain, C.L., James, A.E., Rollo, F.D., and Price, R.R. (Eds.), W.B. Saunders Co., Philadelphia, 1983, pp. 383-396.
  25. Saunders, R.D. and Smith, H., Safety aspects of NMR clinical imaging. Brit. Med. Bull., Vol. 40, pp. 148-154, 1984.
  26. Schwartz, J.L. and Crooks, L.E., NMR imaging produces no observable mutations and cytotoxicity in mammalian cells. Am. J. Roentgenology, Vol. 139, pp. 583-585, 1982.
  27. Stuchly, M.A., Human exposure to static and time-varying magnetic fields, Health Physics, Vol. 51, pp. 215-225, 1986.
  28. Tenforde, T.S., Biological effects of high DC magnetic fields. Report No. LBL-5954, Lawrence Berkeley Laboratory, University of California, 1981.
  29. Tenforde, T.S., Interaction of time-varying ELF magnetic fields with living matter. In Biological Effects of Electromagnetic Fields. Polk, C., and Postow, E. (Eds.), CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL, 1986.
  30. Tenforde, T.S. and Budinger, T.F., Biological effects and physical safety aspects of NMR imaging and in vivo spectroscopy. American Assoc. Physicist in Medicine Summer School on NMR In Medicine, 1985.
  31. Thomas, A. and Morris, P.G., The effects of NMR exposure on living organisms. I - A microbial assay. Brit. J. Radiol., Vol. 54, pp. 615-621, 1981.
  32. Vannier, M.W., Nuclear magnetic resonance imaging. Postgraduate Med., Vol. 76, No. 6, pp. 159-170, 1984.
  33. Willis, R.J. and Brooks, W.M., Potential hazards of NMR imaging, no evidence of the possible effects of static and changing magnetic fields on cardiac function of the rat and guinea pig. Mag. Res. Imag., Vol. 2, pp. 89-95, 1984.
  34. Wolff, S., Crooks, L.E., Brown, P., Howard, R. and Painter, R.B., Tests for DNA and chromosomal damage induced by nuclear magnetic resonance imaging. Radiology, Vol. 136, pp. 707-710, 1980.
Table of Contents
Date Modified: 2008-09-15

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