Guidelines for the Safe Use of Ultrasound:
Part II - Industrial & Commercial Applications - Safety Code 24

5. References

Ac 67 Acton, W.I., Carson, M.B. (1967). "Auditory and Subjective Effects of Airborne Noise from Industrial Ultrasonic Sources."Brit. J. Industr. Med., vol. 24, pp. 297-304.  

Ac 68 Acton, W.I. (1968). "A Criterion for the Prediction of Auditory and Subjective Effects due to Airborne Noisefrom Ultrasonic Sources."Ann. Occup. Hyg., vol. 11,pp. 227-234.

Ac 74 Acton, W.I. (1974). "The Effects of Industrial Airborne Ultrasound on Humans."Ultrasonics, May, pp. 124-128.

Ac 75 Acton, W.I. (1975). "Exposure Criteria for Industrial Ultrasound."Ann. Occup. Hyg., vol. 18, pp. 267-268.

Ac 77 Acton, W.I., Hill, C.R. (1977). "Hazards of Industrial Ultrasound."Protection, vol. 14, no. 10, pp. 12-17.

Ac 83 Acton, W.I. (1983). "Exposure to Industrial Ultrasound:Hazards, Appraisal and Control."J. Soc. Occup. Med.,vol. 33, pp. 107-113.

ACGIH 89 ACGIH (1989). Threshold Limit Values and Biological Exposure Indices for 1988-1989. Available from the American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists, 6500 Glenway Ave., Bldg. D-7, Cincinnati, OH, U.S.A. 45211-4438.

Al 48 Allen, C.H., Frings, H., Rudnick, I. (1948). "Some Biological Effects of Intense High Frequency Airborne Sound."J. Acoust. Soc. Am., vol. 20, pp. 62-65.

An 86 André, G., Damongeot, A. (1986), "Émissions sonores et ultrasonores lors du soudage par ultrasons. Risques et moyens de prévention."Cahiers de notes documentaires (no. 123, 2nd trimester). Available from Institut national de recherche et de sécurité, 30, rue Olivier Noyer, 75680 Paris Cedex 14, France.

ANSI 83 American National Standards Institute (ANSI) Standard S1.4-1983. "Specification for Sound Level Meters."Available from Standards Secretariat, Acoustical Society of America, 335 East 45th Street, New York, NY, U.S.A., 10017-3483.

ANSI 85 American National Standards Institute (ANSI) Standard S1.4A-1985. "Amendment to ANSI S1.4-1983."Available from Standards Secretariat, Acoustical Society of America, 335 East 45th Street, New York, NY, U.S.A., 10017-3483.

Ca 86 Carnes, K.I., Dunn, F. (1986). "Low-Kilohertz-Water-Borne Ultrasound Biological Effects."Radiat. Environ. Biophys., vol. 25, pp. 235-240.

Cr 77 Crabtree, R.B., Forshaw, S.E. (1977). "Exposure to Ultrasonic Cleaner Noise in the Canadian Forces."DCIEM Technical Report #77X45. Available from DCIEM, 1133 Sheppard Ave. W., P.O. Box 2000, Downsview, Ontario M3M 3B9.

CSA 75 Canadian Standards Association (CSA) Standard Z107.5-1975. "Octave, Half-Octave and Third-Octave Band Filter Sets."Available from Canadian Standards Association, 178 Rexdale Blvd., Rexdale, Ontario M9W 1R3.

Da 48 Davis, H. (1948). "Biological and Psychological Effects of Ultrasonics."J. Acoust. Soc. Am., vol. 20, pp. 605-607.

Da 54 Danner, P.A., Ackerman, E., Frings, H.W. (1954). "Heating in Haired and Hairless Mice in High-Intensity Sound Fields from 6 - 22 kHz."J. Acoust. Soc. Amer., vol. 26, pp. 731-739.

Da 66 Dallos, P.J., Linnell, C.O. (1966). "Subharmonic Components in Cochlear-Microphonic Potentials."J. Acoust. Soc. Am., vol. 40, pp. 4-11.

Do 67 Dobroserdov, V.K. (1967). "The Effect of Low Frequency Ultrasonic and High Frequency Sound Waves on Workers."Hygiene and Sanitation, vol. 32, pp. 176-181.

El 49 Eldredge, D.H., Parrack, H.O. (1949). "Biological Effects of Intense Sound."J. Acoust. Soc. Am., vol. 21, p. 55.

FDA 81(a) Center for Devices and Radiological Health, Food and Drug Administration (1981). "An Evaluation of Radiation Emission from Video Display Terminals."HHS Publication (FDA) 81-8153, Feb. 1981. Available from Division of Compliance, CDRH, Rockville, MD, U.S.A. 20857.

FDA 81(b) Herman, B.A., Powell, D. (1981). "Airborne Ultrasound: Measurement and Possible Adverse Effects."HHS Publication (FDA) 81-8163, May 1981. Available from CDRH, Rockville, MD, U.S.A. 20857.

Fe 84 Feller, A.M., Domres, B. (1984). "Cutaneous Gangrene and Osteonecrosis Resulting from Thermal Injuries Inflicted by Ultrasound."Akt. Traumatol. vol. 14, pp. 37-39.

Fi 68 Fishman, S.S. (1968). "Biological Effects of Ultra-sound: In Vivo and In Vitro Haemolysis."Proceeding of the Western Pharmacology Society, vol. 11, pp. 149-150.

Gi 49 Von Gierke, H.E. (1949). "Sound Absorption at the Surface of the Body of Man and Animals."J. Acoust. Soc. Am., vol. 21, p. 55.

Gi 50 Von Gierke, H.E. (1950). "Subharmonics Generated in the Ears of Humans and Animals at Intense Sound Levels."Federation Proc., vol. 9, p. 130(a).

Gi 52 Von Gierke, H.E., Parrack, H.O., Eldredge, D.N. (1952). "Heating of Animals by Absorbed Sound Energy."J. Cellular Comp. Physiol., vol. 39, pp. 487-505.

Go 84 Gold, R.E., Decker, T.N., Vance, A.D. (1984). "Acoustical Characterization and Efficacy Evaluation of Ultrasonic Pest Control Devices Marketed for Control of German Cockroaches."J. Econ. Entomology, vol. 77, pp. 1507-1512.

Gr 66 Grigor'eva, V.M. (1966). "Effect of Ultrasonic Vibrations on Personnel Working with Ultrasonic Equipment."Soviet Physics-Acoustics, vol. II, pp. 426-427.

Gr 80 Grzesik, J., Pluta, E. (1980). "Noise and Airborne Ultrasound Exposure in the Industrial Environment."Proc. 3rd Int. Congress on Noise as a Public Health Problem. Freyburg, W. Germany, September 25-29, 1978. ASHA Reports 10. The American Speech-Language-Hearing Association, Rockville, Maryland, April 1980, pp. 657-661.

Gr 83 Grzesik, J., Pluta, E. (1983). "High Frequency Hearing Risk of Operators of Industrial Ultrasonic Devices."Int. Arch. Occup. Environ. Health, vol. 53, pp. 77-78.

Gr 86 Grzesik, J., Pluta, E. (1986). "Dynamics of High-Frequency Hearing Loss of Operators of Industrial Ultrasonic Devices."Int. Arch. Occup. Environ. Health, vol. 57, pp. 137-142.

He 81 Herbertz, J., Grunter, K. (1981). "Untersuchungen zur hoerkurvenmaessigen Bewertung von Ultraschall in Luft."Fortschritte der Akustik -DAGA'81. Berlin: VDE-Verlag, pp. 509-512.

He 84 Herbertz, J. (1984). "Loudness of Airborne Ultrasonic Noise."Ultrasonics International (1983) Conference Proceedings, S.226-231.

IEC 66 International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) Publication 225 (1966). "Octave, Half-Octave and Third Octave Band Filters Intended for the Analysis of Sounds and Vibrations."Available from Bureau Central de la Commission Electrotechnique Internationale, 3, rue de Varembé, Geneva, Switzerland.

IEC 79 International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) Publication 651 (1979). "Sound Level Meters."Available from Bureau Central de la Commission Electrotech-nique Internationale, 3, rue de Varembé, Geneva, Switzerland.

IEC 84 International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) Publication 50(801) (1984). "Advance Edition of the International Electrotechnical Vocabulary. Chapter 801: Acoustics and Electroacoustics."Available from Bureau Central de la Commission Electrotechnique Internationale, 3, rue de Varembé, Geneva, Switzerland.

IEC 86 International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) Publication 854 (1986). "Methods of Measuring the Performance of Ultrasonic Pulse-Echo Diagnostic Equipment."Available from Bureau Central de la Commission Electrotechnique Intern ationale, 3, rue de Varembé, Geneva, Switzerland.

IRPA 84 International Radiation Protection Association (IRPA) (1984). "Interim Guidelines on Limits of Human Exposure to Airborne Ultrasound."Health Physics, vol. 46, pp. 969-974.

Kn 68 Knight, J.J. (1968). "Effects of Airborne Ultrasound on Man."Ultrasonics, January, pp. 39-42.

Ma 85 auf der Maur, A.N. (1985). "Limits of Exposure to Airborne Ultrasound."Ann. Am. Conf. Ind. Hyg., vol. 12, pp. 177-181.

Mi 74 Michael, P.L., et al. (1974). "An Evaluation of Industrial Acoustic Radiation above 10 kHz."Prepared for N.I.O.S.H. under contract No. HSM-99-72-125.

NCRP 83 NCRP Report #74 (1983). "Biological Effects of Ultrasound: Mechanisms and Clinical Implications."National Council on Radiation Protection and Measurements, 7910 Woodmont Avenue, Bethesda, MD, U.S.A. 20814.

Ne 80 Neppiras, E.A. (1980). "Acoustic Cavitation Thresholds and Cyclic Processes."Ultrasonics, September, pp. 201-209, 230.

Ol 75 Industrial Noise and Hearing Conservation (1975). J.B. Olishifski and E.R. Harford, eds. National Safety Council, 425 North Michigan Ave., Chicago, IL, U.S.A. 60611.

Pa 66 Parrack, H.O. (1966). "Effect of Air-borne Ultrasound on Humans."Internat. Audiol., vol. 5, pp. 294-308.

Ro 57 Romani, J.D., Bugard, P. (1957). "Nouveaux essais sur l'action des bruits sur le système endocrinien."Acustica, vol. 7, pp. 91-93.

Sh 75 Shoh, A. (1975). "Industrial Applications of Ultrasound - A Review. I. High-Power Ultrasound."IEEE Transactions on Sonics and Ultrasonics, vol. SU-22, no. 2, pp. 60-71.

Sk 65 Skillern, C.P. (1965). "Human Response to Measured Sound Pressure Levels from Ultrasonic Devices."Indust. Hyg. J., vol. 26, pp. 132-136.

Sw 82 Swiss Occupational Health and Safety Specifications (1982). "Ultrasonic Equipment as a Source of Noise."No. 137. Published by Schweizerische Unfallver-sicherungsenstalt, 6002 Lucerne, Switzerland.

USAF 76 United States Air Force (1976). Hazardous Noise Exposure. USAF Regulation 161-35.

WHO 88 Hill, C.R., ter Haar, G. (1988). "Ultrasound,"in Non-Ionizing Radiation Protection, ed. M.J. Suess. Copenhagen: World Health Organization, Regional Publications.