Health Canada
Symbol of the Government of Canada
Environmental and Workplace Health

Aluminum

References

  1. Bokovay, G. Aluminum. In: Canadian minerals yearbook. Mineral Resources Branch, Department of Energy, Mines and Resources, Ottawa. pp. 8.1-8.26 (1988).

  2. Jones, K.C. and Bennett, B.G. Exposure of man to environmental aluminum -- an exposure commitment assessment. Sci. Total Environ., 52: 65-82 (1986).

  3. Miller, R.G., Kopfler, F.C., Kelty, K.C., Stober, J.A. and Ulmer, N.S. The occurrence of aluminum in drinking water. J. Am. Water Works Assoc., 76: 84-91 (1984).

  4. Alberta Environment. Heavy metals analysis results, 1980-1987. Municipal Engineering Branch, Pollution Control Division, March (1988).

  5. Ontario Ministry of the Environment. Selected results from drinking water surveillance program for Al levels in Ontario treatment plants 1987-1988 (1988), cited in reference 9.

  6. Manitoba Department of Environment. Aluminum study data (submitted to Health Canada) (1995).

  7. Nargang, D.D. Personal communication. Saskatchewan Environment and Resource Management (1998).

  8. Bérubé, D. and Brűlé, D.G. An Atlantic Canada shallow well drinking water study: first phase results of a national survey for major and trace elements, and aluminum speciation. In: Planning for tomorrow. Proceedings of the Sixth National Conference on Drinking Water, Victoria, B.C., October 16-18, 1994. W. Robertson, T. Kauri and S. Irwin (eds.). American Water Works Association, Denver, CO. pp. 307-321 (1996).

  9. Hill, R.J. and Hill, M. An exposure assessment of the health hazards associated with the intake of aluminium. Part II of a report on the effects of aluminium on human health. Prepared for the Department of Health and Welfare, Ottawa (1989).

  10. Letterman, R.D. and Driscoll, C.T. Survey of residual aluminium in filtered water. J. Am. Water Works Assoc., 80: 154-158 (1988).

  11. Pennington, J.A.T. Aluminium content of foods and diets. Food Addit. Contam., 5(2): 161-232 (1988).

  12. Koch, K.R., Pougnet, M.A.B., DeVilliers, S. and Monteagudo, F. Increased urinary excretion of aluminium after drinking tea. Nature (London), 333: 122 (1988).

  13. Gardner, M.J. and Gunn, A.M. Bioavailability of aluminum from food and drinking water. In: Alzheimer's disease and the environment. Proceedings of the conference. Lord Walton of Detchant (ed.). Royal Society of Medicine, Round Table Series No. 26, London, U.K. p. 79 (1991).

  14. Graves, A.B., White, E., Koepsell, T.D., Reifler, B.V., van Bell, G. and Larson, E.B. The association between aluminum-containing products and Alzheimer's disease. J. Clin. Epidemiol., 43: 35-44 (1990).

  15. Flaten, T.P., Glattre, E., Viste, A. and Søreide, O. Mortality from dementia among gastroduodenal ulcer patients. J. Epidemiol. Commun. Health, 45: 203-206 (1991).

  16. Lione, A. Aluminum toxicology and the aluminum-containing medications. Pharm. Ther., 29: 255-285 (1985).

  17. Nieboer, E., Gibson, B.L., Oxman, A.D. and Kramer, J.R. Health effects of aluminum: a critical review with emphasis on aluminum in drinking water. Environ. Rev., 3: 29-81 (1995).

  18. Lione, A., Allen, P.V. and Smith, J.C. Aluminum coffee percolators as a source of dietary aluminium. Food Chem. Toxicol., 22: 265-268 (1984).

  19. Ministry of Agriculture, Fisheries and Food. Survey of aluminium, antimony, chromium, cobalt, indium, nickel, thallium and tin in food. MAFF Food Surveillance Paper No. 15, Her Majesty's Stationery Office, London, U.K. (1985).

  20. Pennington, J.A.T. and Schoen, S.A. Estimates of dietary exposure to aluminium. Food Addit. Contam., 12(1): 119-128 (1995).

  21. Greger, J.L. Aluminum metabolism. Annu. Rev. Nutr., 13: 43-63 (1993).

  22. Barrie, L.A. and Hoff, R.M. Five years of air chemistry observations in the Canadian Arctic. Atmos. Environ., 19: 1995-2010 (1985).

  23. Klenn, R.F. and Gray, J.M.L. A study of the chemical composition of particulate matter and aerosols over Edmonton. RMD Report No. 82/9, Research Management Division, Alberta Environment (1982).

  24. Environment Canada. Table of mean aluminum loadings and fine/coarse ratios in 15 urban stations (1986), cited in reference 9.

  25. Ontario Ministry of the Environment. Cumulative ambient air concentrations listings, August 31, 1981 - January 4, 1983. Toronto (1984).

  26. Van Oostdam, J.C., Zwanenburg, H. and Harrison, J.R. Canadian perspectives on aluminum. Environ. Geochem. Health, 12: 71-74 (1990).

  27. Sollars, C.J., Bragg, S., Simpson, A.M. and Perry, R. Aluminium in European drinking water. Environ. Technol. Lett., 10: 131-150 (1989).

  28. Driscoll, C.T. and Letterman, R.D. Factors regulating residual aluminium concentrations in treated waters. Environmetrics, 3: 287-309 (1995).

  29. Martell, A.E. and Motekaitis, R.J. Coordination chemistry and speciation of Al(III) in aqueous solution. In: Environmental chemistry and toxicology of aluminum. T.E. Lewis (ed.). Lewis Publishers, Chelsea, MI. pp. 3-17 (1989).

  30. Driscoll, C.T. and Letterman, R.D. Chemistry and fate of Al(III) in treated drinking water. J. Environ. Eng., 114(1): 21-37 (1988).

  31. Van Benschoten, J.E. and Edzwald, J.K. Measuring aluminum during water treatment: methodology and application. J. Am. Water Works Assoc., 82(5): 71-78 (1990).

  32. Gardner, M.J. and Gunn, A.M. Speciation and bioavailability of aluminium in drinking water. Chem. Speciation Bioavailab., 7(1): 9-16 (1995).

  33. Bérubé, D. and Brűlé, D.G. A validation study of a field aluminum speciation method for drinking water supplies. Environmental Health Directorate, Health Canada, Ottawa (1996).

  34. American Public Health Association, American Water Works Association and Water Environment Federation. Standard methods for the examination of water and wastewater. 19th edition. American Public Health Association, Washington, DC (1995).

  35. Bérubé, D., Brűlé, D.G., Dabeka, L. and Santagati, A. Aluminum speciation in drinking water treatment/distribution networks. Paper 2321, Fifth Chemical Congress of North America, Cancun, Mexico, November 11-15 (1997).

  36. Méranger, J.C. and Lo, B. Selected anions and trace elements in Canadian drinking water supplies. J. Am. Chem. Soc., 32(2): 34 (1992).

  37. Morris, J.K. and Knocke, W.R. Temperature effects on the use of metal ion coagulants in water treatment. J. Am. Water Works Assoc., 76(3): 74-79 (1984).

  38. Foundation for Water Research. Review of the toxicology of aluminium with special reference to drinking water. Research Report No. FR-0068, Marlow, Bucks, U.K. (1990).

  39. Bergman, J. Personal communication. Buffalo Pound Water Administration Board, Regina (1998).

  40. World Health Organization. Guidelines for drinking water quality: Health criteria and other supporting information. Vol. 2. Geneva. p. 249 (1984).

  41. Fitch, D.E. and McCollum, G.R. Restoring the flow of a finished water pipeline. J. Am. Water Works Assoc., 78(1): 35-38 (1986).

  42. Costello, J.J. Postprecipitation in distribution systems. J. Am. Water Works Assoc., 76: 46-49 (1984).

  43. American Water Works Association Research Foundation. Aluminum in drinking water and Alzheimer's disease: a resource guide. AWWA Research Foundation and the American Water Works Association. 115 pp. (1993).

  44. Hoff, J.C. The relationship of turbidity to disinfection of potable water. Presented at the Conference on the Evaluation of Microbiology Standards for Drinking Water. Office of Water Supply, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Washington, DC (1977), cited in reference 43.

  45. Jekel, M.R. Removal of aluminum in coagulation and from acidic raw waters. Paper presented at the 18th International Water Supply Congress, Special Subject No. 8. International Water Supply Association, Copenhagen (1991).

  46. Driscoll, C.T., Letterman, R.D. and Fitch, D.E. Residual aluminum in filtered water. Report prepared for the American Water Works Association Research Foundation, January. 71 pp. (1987).

  47. Haarhoff, J. and Cleasby, J.L. Comparing aluminum and iron coagulants for in-line filtration of cold water. J. Am. Water Works Assoc., 80: 168-175 (1988).

  48. American Water Works Association Coagulation Committee. Committee report: Coagulation as an integrated water treatment process. J. Am. Water Works Assoc., 81: 72-78 (1989).

  49. Greger, J.L. Aluminum and tin. World Rev. Nutr. Diet., 54: 255-285 (1987).

  50. Ganrot, P.O. Metabolism and possible health effects of aluminium. Environ. Health Perspect., 65: 363-441 (1986).

  51. Greger, J.L. and Powers, C.F. Assessment of exposure to parenteral and oral aluminum with and without citrate using a desferrioxamine test in rats. Toxicology, 76: 119-132 (1992), cited in reference 21.

  52. Weberg, R. and Berstad, A. Gastrointestinal absorption of aluminium from single doses of aluminium containing antacids in man. Eur. J. Clin. Invest., 16: 428-432 (1986).

  53. Partridge, N.A., Regnier, F.E., White, J.L. and Hem, S.L. Influence of dietary constituents on intestinal absorption of aluminum. Kidney Int., 35: 1413-1417 (1989).

  54. Martin, R.B. Aluminium speciation in biology. Ciba Found. Symp., 169: 5-25 (1992).

  55. Van der Voet, G.B. Intestinal absorption of aluminium. Ciba Found. Symp., 169: 109-122 (1992).

  56. Walton, J., Hams, G. and Wilcox, D. Bioavailability of aluminium from drinking water: co-exposure with foods and beverages. Research Report 83, Urban Water Research Association of Australia, Melbourne (1994), cited in reference 69.

  57. Rodger, R.S.C., Muralikrishna, G.S., Halls, D.J., Henderson, J.B., Forrest, J.A., Macdougall, A.I. and Fell, G.S. Ranitidine suppresses aluminum absorption in man. Clin. Sci., 80: 505-508 (1991).

  58. Froment, D.P., Molitoris, B.A., Buddington, B., Miller, N. and Alfrey, A.C. Site and mechanism of enhanced gastrointestinal absorption of aluminum by citrate. Kidney Int., 36(6): 978-984 (1989).

  59. Reiber, S., Kukull, W. and Standish-Lee, P. Drinking water aluminum and bioavailability. J. Am. Water Works Assoc., 88: 86-100 (1995).

  60. Kaehny, W.D., Hegg, A.P. and Alfrey, A.C. Gastrointestinal absorption of aluminum from aluminum-containing antacids. N. Engl. J. Med., 296: 1389-1390 (1977).

  61. . Yokel, R.A. and McNamara, P.J. Influence of renal impairment, chemical form and serum protein binding on intravenous and oral aluminium kinetics in the rabbit. Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol., 95: 32-43 (1988).

  62. Forster, D.P., Newens, A.J., Kay, D.W.K. and Edwardson, J.A. Risk factors in clinically diagnosed presenile dementia of the Alzheimer type: a case-control study in northern England. J. Epidemiol. Commun. Health, 49: 253-258 (1995).

  63. French, P., Gardner, M.J. and Gunn, A.M. Dietary aluminium and Alzheimer's disease. Food Chem. Toxicol., 27: 495-496 (1989).

  64. Fairweather-Tait, S.J., Piper, Z., Fatemi, S.J.A. and Moore, G.R. The effect of tea on iron and aluminium metabolism in the rat. Br. J. Nutr., 65: 61-68 (1991).

  65. Powell, J.J., Greenfield, S.M., Parkes, H.G., Nicholson, J.K. and Thompson, R.P.H. Gastro-intestinal availability of aluminium from tea. Food Chem. Toxicol., 31(6): 449-454 (1993).

  66. Butterworth, K.R., Drewitt, P.N., Springall, C.D. and Moorhouse, S.R. Bioavailability of aluminium. Lancet, 339: 1489 (1992).

  67. Owen, L.M.W., Crews, H.M. and Massey, R.C. Aluminium in tea: SEC-ICP-MS speciation studies of infusions and simulated gastrointestinal digests. Chem. Speciation Bioavailab., 4(3): 89-96 (1992).

  68. Drewitt, P.N., Butterworth, K.R., Springall, C.D. and Moorhouse, S.R. Plasma levels of aluminium after tea ingestion in healthy volunteers. Food Chem. Toxicol., 31(1): 19-23 (1993).

  69. Walton, J., Tuniz, C., Fink, D., Jacobsen, G. and Wilcox, D. Uptake of trace amounts of aluminum into the brain from drinking water. NeuroToxicology, 16(1): 187-190 (1995).

  70. Slanina, P., Frech, W., Ekström, L.-G., Lööf, L., Slorach, S. and Cedergren, A. Dietary citric acid enhances absorption of aluminum in antacids. Clin. Chem., 32: 539-541 (1986).

  71. Fulton, B. and Jeffery, E.H. Absorption and retention of aluminum from drinking water. 1. Effect of citric and ascorbic acids on aluminum tissue levels in rabbits. Fundam. Appl. Toxicol., 14: 788-796 (1990).

  72. Taylor, G.A., Ferrier, I.N., McLoughlin, I.J., Fairbairn, A.F., McKeith, I.G., Lett, D. and Edwardson, J.A. Gastrointestinal absorption of aluminium in Alzheimer's disease: response to aluminium citrate. Age Ageing, 21: 81-90 (1992).

  73. Nolan, C.R., DeGoes, J.J. and Alfrey, A.C. Aluminum and lead absorption from dietary sources in women ingesting calcium citrate. South. Med. J., 87(9): 894-898 (1994).

  74. Jouhanneau, P., Lacour, B., Raisbeck, G., Yiou, F., Banide, H., Brown, E. and Drüeke, T. Gastrointestinal absorption of aluminum in rats using 26 Al and accelerator mass spectrometry. Clin. Nephrol., 40(4): 244-248 (1993).

  75. Kruck, T.P.A. and Crapper McLachlan, D.R. Aluminum as a pathogenic factor in senile dementia of the Alzheimer type: ion specific chelation. In: Alzheimer's disease and related disorders. K. Iqbal, H.M. Wisniewski and B. Winblad (eds.). Alan R. Liss, Inc., New York, NY. Prog. Clin. Biol. Res., 317: 1155-1167 (1989).

  76. Domingo, J.L., Gomez, M., Sanchez, D.J., Llobet, J.N. and Corbella, J. Effect of various dietary constituents on gastrointestinal absorption of aluminum from drinking water and diet. Res. Commun. Chem. Pathol. Pharmacol., 79: 377-380 (1993).

  77. Domingo, J.L., Gomez, M., Llobet, J.M., del Castillo, D. and Corbella, J. Influence of citric, ascorbic and lactic acids on the gastrointestinal absorption of aluminum in uremic rats. Nephron, 66: 108-109 (1994).

  78. . Alfrey, A.C. Physiology of aluminum in man. In: Aluminum and health: a critical review. H.J. Gitelman (ed.). Marcel Dekker, New York, NY. pp. 101-124 (1989).

  79. Wills, M.R. and Savory, J. Aluminum and chronic renal failure: sources, absorption, transport, and toxicity. Crit. Rev. Clin. Sci., 27: 59-107 (1989).

  80. Van der Voet, G.B. and De Wolff, F.A. The effect of di- and trivalent iron on the intestinal absorption of aluminum in rats. Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol., 90: 190-197 (1987).

  81. Driscoll, C.T. and Schecher, W.D. Aqueous chemistry of aluminium. In: Metal ions in biological systems. H. Sigel and A. Sigel (eds.). Marcel Dekker, New York, NY. pp. 63-64 (1988).

  82. Martin, R.B. The chemistry of aluminum as related to biology and medicine. Clin. Chem., 32(10): 1797-1806 (1986).

  83. . Wicklund Glynn, A., Sparen, A., Danielsson, L.-G., Haegglund, G. and Jorhem, L. Bioavailability of labile aluminium in acidic drinking water: a study in the rat. Food Chem. Toxicol., 33(5): 403-408 (1995).

  84. Edwardson, J.A., Moore, P.B., Ferrier, I.N., Lilley, J.S., Newton, G.W.A., Barker, J., Templar, J. and Day, J.P. Effect of silicon on gastrointestinal absorption of aluminium. Lancet, 342(7): 211-212 (1993).

  85. Spencer, H., Kramer, L., Norris, C. and Wiatrowski, E. Effect of aluminum hydroxide on fluoride metabolism. Clin. Pharmacol. Ther., 28(4): 529-535 (1980).

  86. Greger, J.L. and Sutherland, J.E. Aluminum exposure and metabolism. Crit. Rev. Clin. Lab. Sci., 34(5): 439-474 (1997).

  87. Lindholm, T., Thysell, H., Ljunggren, L., Divino, J.C., Schunnesson, M. and Stenstam, M. Aluminum in patients with uremia and patients with enteropathy. Nieren-Hochdruckkr., 12: S192-S197 (1983).

  88. Knoll, O., Kellinghaus, B., Bertram, H.P., Zumkley, H. and Graeffe, U. Gastrointestinal absorption of aluminium in chronic renal insufficiency. Contrib. Nephrol., 38: 24-31 (1984).

  89. Ittel, T.H., Gladziwa, U., Mück, W. and Sieberth, H.G. Hyperaluminaemia in critically ill patients: role of antacid therapy and impaired renal function. Eur. J. Clin. Invest., 21: 96-102 (1991).

  90. Lindberg, J.S., Copley, J.B., Koenig, K.G. and Cushner, H.M. Effect of citrate on serum aluminum concentrations in hemodialysis patients: a prospective study. South. Med. J., 86: 1385-1388 (1993).

  91. . Magnusson, M., Magnusson, K.E., Sundqvist, T. and Denneberg, T. Impaired intestinal barrier function measured by differently sized polyethylene glycols in patients with chronic renal failure. Gut, 32(7): 754-759 (1991).

  92. Bishop, N., McGraw, M. and Ward, N. Aluminium in infant formulas [letter to the editor]. Lancet, i(8637): 490 (1989).

  93. Lindholm, T., Thysell, H., Ljunggren, L., Divino, J.C., Schunnesson, M. and Stenstam, M. Aluminum in patients with uremia and patients with enteropathy. Nieren-Hochdruckkr., 12: 192-197 (1985).

  94. Bjertness, E., Candy, J.M., Torvik, A., Ince, P., McArthur, F., Taylor, G.A., Johansen, S.W., Alexander, J., Grønnesby, J.K., Bakketeig, L.S. and Edwardson, J.A. Content of brain aluminum is not elevated in Alzheimer disease. Alzheimer Dis. Assoc. Disord., 10(3): 171-174 (1996).

  95. Nieboer, E. Biomarkers of inherited and acquired susceptibility to toxic substances. In: Molecular toxicology: biomarkers and trans-genic models. Proceedings of the 27th Annual Symposium of the Society of Toxicology of Canada, Montreal, December 1-2 (1994).

  96. Fosmire, G.J., Focht, S.J. and McClearn, G.E. Genetic influences on tissue deposition of aluminum in mice. Biol. Trace Element Res., 37: 115-121 (1993).

  97. . American Water Works Association. Use of aluminum salts in drinking water treatment. A White Paper, approved April 11, 1997. To be published in AWWA MainStream (1997).

  98. Day, J.P., Barker, J., Evans, L.J.A., Perks, J., Seabright, P.J., Ackrill, P., Lilley, J.S., Drumm, P.V. and Newton, G.W.A. Aluminium absorption studied by 26Al tracer. Lancet, 337: 1345 (1991).

  99. Fatemi, S.J.A., Kadir, F.H.A. and Moore, G.R. Aluminium transport in blood serum. Binding of aluminium by human transferrin in the presence of human albumin and citrate. Biochem. J., 280: 527-532 (1991).

  100. Pullen, R.G.L., Candy, J.M., Morris, C.M., Taylor, G., Keith, A.B. and Edwardson, J.A. Gallium-67 as a potential marker for aluminium transport in rat brain: implications for Alzheimer's disease. J. Neurochem., 55: 251-259 (1990).

  101. Crapper, D.R., Quittkat, S., Krishnan, S.S., Dalton, A.J. and De Boni, U. Intranuclear aluminum content in Alzheimer's disease, dialysis encephalopathy, and experimental aluminum encephalopathy. Acta Neuropathol., 50: 19-24 (1980).

  102. Zumkley, H., Bertram, H.P., Brandt, M., Roedig, M., Spieker, S. and Kisters, K. Aluminium concentration in bone and brain tissue in humans taking antacids. Fortschr. Med., 105(Suppl. 19): 15-18 (1987) (in German, with English summary).

  103. Altmann, P., Al-Salihi, F., Butter, K., Cutler, P., Blair, J., Leeming, R., Cunningham, J. and Marsh, F. Serum aluminum levels and erythrocyte dihydropteridine reductase activity in patients on hemodialysis. N. Engl. J. Med., 317: 80-84 (1987).

  104. Ôahin, G., Varol, I., Temizer, A., Benli, K., Demirdamar, R. and Duru, S. Determination of aluminum levels in the kidney, liver, and brain of mice treated with aluminum hydroxide. Biol. Trace Element Res., 41: 129-135 (1994).

  105. Dollinger, H.C., Zumkey, H., Spieker, C. et al. Aluminum in antacids shown to accumulate in brain and bone tissue. Gastroenterol. Obs., 5: 478 (1986), cited in reference 135.

  106. Wenk, G.L. and Stemmer, J.L. Suboptimal dietary zinc intake increases aluminum accumulation into the rat brain. Brain Res., 288: 283-395 (1983).

  107. Alfrey, A.C. Aluminum metabolism. Kidney Int., 29(Suppl. 18): S-8-S-11 (1986).

  108. Sedman, A.B., Wilkening, G.N., Warady, B.A., Lum, G.M. and Alfrey, A.C. Encephalopathy in childhood secondary to aluminum toxicity. J. Pediatr., 105(5): 836-838 (1984).

  109. Greger, J.L. and Baier, M.J. Excretion and retention of low or moderate levels of aluminium by human subjects. Food Chem. Toxicol., 21: 473-477 (1983).

  110. Priest, N.D. The bioavailability and metabolism of aluminum compounds in man. Proc. Nutr. Soc., 52: 231-240 (1993).

  111. Gupta, S.K., Waters, D.H. and Gwilt, P.R. Absorption and disposition of aluminum in the rat. J. Pharm. Sci., 75(6): 586-589 (1986).

  112. Talbot, R.J., Newton, D., Priest, N.D., Austin, J.G. and Day, J.P. Inter-subject variability in the metabolism of aluminium following intravenous injection as citrate. Hum. Exp. Toxicol., 14: 595-599 (1995).

  113. Health Advisory Group. Water pollution at Lowermoor, North Cornwall. Report of the Lowermoor incident. Chaired by Professor Dame Barbara Clayton, July (1989).

  114. Eastwood, J.B., Levin, G.E., Pazianas, M., Taylor, A.P., Denton, J. and Freemont, A.J. Aluminium deposition in bone after contamination of drinking water supply. Lancet, 336: 462-464 (1990).

  115. Parkinson, I.S., Ward, M.K. and Kerr, D.N.S. Dialysis encephalopathy, bone disease and anaemia: the aluminium intoxication syndrome during regular haemodialysis. J. Clin. Pathol., 34: 1285-1294 (1981).

  116. Touam, M., Martinez, F., Lacour, B., Bourdon, R., Zingraff, J., Di Giulio, S. and Drüeke, T. Aluminium-induced, reversible microcytic anemia in chronic renal failure: clinical and experimental studies. Clin. Nephrol., 19(6): 295-298 (1983).

  117. Alfrey, A.C., LeGendre, G.R. and Kaehny, W.D. The dialysis encephalopathy syndrome. Possible aluminum intoxication. N. Engl. J. Med., 294(4): 184-188 (1976).

  118. Starkey, B.J. Aluminium in renal disease: current knowledge and future developments. Ann. Clin. Biochem., 24: 337-344 (1987).

  119. Banks, W.A., Kastin, A.J. and Banks, M.F. Evidence for aluminum as the toxin in the glucose intolerance of uremia (pseudodiabetes). Clin. Res., 35(1): 31A (1987).

  120. Bowdler, N.C., Beasley, D.S., Fritze, E.C., Goulette, A.M., Hatton, J.D., Hession, J., Ostman, D.L., Rugg, D.J. and Schmittdiel, C.J. Behavioral effects of aluminum ingestion on animal and human subjects. Pharmacol. Biochem. Behav., 10: 505-512 (1979).

  121. Dewberry, F.L., McKinney, T.D. and Stone, W.J. The dialysis dementia syndrome: report of fourteen cases and review of the literature. Am. Soc. Artif. Intern. Organs, 3: 102-108 (1980).

  122. Altmann, P., Hamon, C., Blair, J., Dhanesha, U., Cunningham, J. and Marsh, F. Disturbance of cerebral function by aluminium in haemodialysis patients without overt aluminium toxicity. Lancet, ii: 7-12 (1989).

  123. Alfrey, A.C., Hegg, A. and Craswell, P. Metabolism and toxicity of aluminum in renal failure. Am. J. Clin. Nutr., 33: 1509-1516 (1980).

  124. Savory, J. and Wills, M.R. Dialysis fluids as a source of aluminium accumulation. Contrib. Nephrol., 38: 12-23 (1984).

  125. Ackrill, P. Clinical aspects of dialysis encephalopathy. Presented at the Workshop on Aluminium and Health, Oslo, Norway, May 2-5 (1988).

  126. Garruto, R.M., Yanagihara, R. and Gajdusek, D.C. Models of environmentally induced neurological disease: epidemiology and etiology of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis and parkinsonism-dementia in the Western Pacific. Environ. Geochem. Health, 12(1/2): 137-151 (1990).

  127. Gajdusek, D.C. and Salazar, A. Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis and Parkinsonian syndromes in high incidence among the Auya and Jakai people of West New Guinea. Neurology, 32: 107-126 (1982).

  128. Perl, D.P., Gajdusek, D.C., Garruto, R.M., Yanagihara, R.T. and Gibbs, C.J., Jr. Intraneuronal aluminium accumulation in amyo-trophic lateral sclerosis and parkinsonism-dementia of Guam. Science, 217: 1053-1055 (1982).

  129. Garruto, R.M. and Yase, Y. Neurodegenerative disorders of the western Pacific: the search for mechanisms of pathogenesis. Trends Neurosci., 9: 368-374 (1986).

  130. Garruto, R.M. Cellular and molecular mechanisms of neuronal degeneration: amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, parkinsonism-dementia, and Alzheimer disease. Am. J. Hum. Biol., 1: 529-543 (1989).

  131. Doll, R. Review: Alzheimer's disease and environmental aluminium. Age Ageing, 22: 138-153 (1993).

  132. Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry. Toxicological profile for aluminum (update). Draft for public comment. Public Health Service, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Atlanta, GA (1997).

  133. Crapper McLachlan, D.R. and Farnell, B.J. Aluminum in human health. In: Aluminum in the Canadian environment. M. Havas and J.F. Jaworski (eds.). NRCC No. 24759, National Research Council of Canada, Ottawa. pp. 153-173 (1986).

  134. Xu, N., Majidi, V., Markesbery, W.R. and Ehmann, W.D. Brain aluminum in Alzheimer's disease using an improved GFAAS method. Neurotoxicology, 13: 735-744 (1992).

  135. Crapper McLachlan, D.R., Kruck, T.P., Lukiw, W.J. and Krishnan, S.S. Would decreased aluminum ingestion reduce the incidence of Alzheimer's disease? Can. Med. Assoc. J., 145(7): 793-804 (1991).

  136. Crapper, D.R. Functional consequences of neurofibrillary degeneration. In: The neurobiology of aging. S. Gershon and R.D. Terry (eds.). Raven Press, New York, NY (1976).

  137. Edwardson, J.A., Klinowski, J., Oakley, A., Perry, R. and Candy, J. Aluminosilicates and the ageing brain: implications for pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease. Ciba Found. Symp., 121: 160-179 (1986).

  138. Lord Walton of Detchant (ed.). Alzheimer's disease and the environment. Proceedings of the conference. Royal Society of Medicine, Round Table Series No. 26, London, U.K. (1991).

  139. Hardy, J.A. and Higgins, G.A. Alzheimer's disease: the amyloid cascade hypothesis. Science, 256(5054): 184-185 (1992).

  140. Frecker, M.F. Dementia in Newfoundland: identification of a geographical isolate? J. Epidemiol. Commun. Health, 45: 307-311 (1991).

  141. Frecker, M. The relation of aluminium and other drinking water variables with dementia deaths in Newfoundland. Environmetrics, 6(3): 305-309 (1995).

  142. Neri, L.C. and Hewitt, D. Aluminum, Alzheimer's disease, and drinking water [letter to the editor]. Lancet, 338: 390 (1991).

  143. Neri, L.C., Hewitt, D. and Rifat, S.L. Aluminium in drinking water and risk for diagnoses of presenile Alzheimer's type dementia [abstract no. 453]. Neurobiol. Aging, 13(1): S115 (1992).

  144. Smith, L.F. Public health role, aluminium and Alzheimer's disease. Environmetrics, 6(3): 277-286 (1995).

  145. Forbes, W.F., Hayward, L.M. and Agwani, N. Dementia, aluminium, and fluoride [letter to the editor]. Lancet, 338: 1592-1593 (1991).

  146. Forbes, W.F., Hayward, L.M. and Agwani, N. Geochemical risk factors for mental functioning, based on the Ontario Longitudinal Study of Aging (LSA) I. Results from a preliminary investigation. Can. J. Aging, 11(3): 269-280 (1992).

  147. Forbes, W.F., McAiney, C.A., Hayward, L.M. and Agwani, N. Geochemical risk factors for mental functioning, based on the Ontario Longitudinal Study of Aging (LSA) II. The role of pH. Can. J. Aging, 13(2): 249-267 (1994).

  148. Still, C.N. and Kelley, P. On the incidence of primary degenerative dementia vs. water fluoride content in South Carolina. Neurotoxicology, 1: 125-131 (1980).

  149. McLachlan, D.R.C., Bergeron, C., Smith, J.E., Boomer, D. and Rifat, S.L. Risk for neuropathologically confirmed Alzheimer's disease and residual aluminum in municipal drinking water employing weighted residential histories. Neurology, 46: 401-405 (1996).

  150. Wood, D.J., Cooper, C., Stevens, J. and Edwardson, J. Bone mass and dementia in hip fracture patients from areas with different aluminum concentrations in water supplies. Age Ageing, 17: 415-419 (1988).

  151. Martyn, C.N., Barker, D.J.P., Osmond, C., Harris, E.C., Edwardson, J.A. and Lacey R.F. Geographical relation between Alzheimer's disease and aluminium in drinking water. Lancet, i: 59-62 (1989).

  152. Martyn, C.N., Coggon, D.N., Inskip, H., Lacey, R.F. and Young, W.F. Aluminum concentrations in drinking water and risk of Alzheimer's disease. Epidemiology, 8: 281-286 (1997).

  153. Vogt, T. Water quality and health -- study of a possible relation between aluminium in drinking water and dementia. Central Bureau of Statistics of Norway, Oslo (1986).

  154. Flaten, T.P. Geographical associations between aluminium in drinking water and death rates with dementia (including Alzheimer's disease), Parkinson's disease and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis in Norway. Environ. Geochem. Health, 12(1/2): 152-167 (1990).

  155. Wettstein, A., Aeppli, J., Gautschi, K. and Peters, M. Failure to find a relationship between mnestic skills of octogenarians and aluminum in drinking water. Int. Arch. Occup. Environ. Health, 63: 97-103 (1991).

  156. McLachlan, D.R.C. Aluminium and the risk for Alzheimer's disease. Environmetrics, 6(3): 233-275 (1995).

  157. Michel, P., Commenges, D., Dartigues, J.F., Gagnon, M. and the Paquid Research Group. Study of the relationship between Alzheimer's disease and aluminium in drinking water [abstract no. 47]. Neurobiol. Aging, 11: 264 (1990).

  158. Jacqmin, H., Commenges, D., Letenneur, L., Barberger-Gateau, P. and Dartigues, J.-F. Components of drinking water and risk of cognitive impairment in the elderly. Am. J. Epidemiol., 139(1): 48-57 (1994).

  159. Jacqmin-Gadda, H., Commenges, D., Letenneur, L. and Dartigues, J.F. Silica and aluminum in drinking water and cognitive impairment in the elderly. Epidemiology, 7: 281-285 (1996).

  160. Taylor, G.A., Newens, A.J., Edwardson, J.A., Kay, D.W.K. and Forster, D.P. Alzheimer's disease and the relationship between silicon and aluminium in water supplies in northern England. J. Epidemiol. Commun. Health, 49: 323-324 (1995).

  161. Canadian Study of Health and Aging. The Canadian Study of Health and Aging: Risk factors for Alzheimer's disease in Canada. Neurology, 44: 2073-2080 (1994).

  162. Heyman, A., Wilkinson, W.E., Stafford, J.A., Helms, M.J., Sigmon, A.H. and Weinberg, T. Alzheimer's disease: a study of epidemiological aspects. Ann. Neurol., 15: 335-341 (1984).

  163. Rifat, S.L., Eastwood, M.R., Crapper McLachlan, D.R. and Corey, P.N. Effect of exposure of miners to aluminium powder. Lancet, 336: 1162-1165 (1990).

  164. Bast-Pettersen, R., Drabløs, P.A., Goffeng, L.O., Thomassen, Y. and Torres, C.G. Neuropsychological deficit among elderly workers in aluminum production. Am. J. Ind. Med., 25: 649-662 (1994).

  165. Mur, J.M., Moulin, J.J., Meyer-Bisch, C., Massin, N., Coulon, J.P. and Loulergue, J. Mortality of aluminium reduction plant workers in France. Int. J. Epidemiol., 16(2): 257-264 (1987).

  166. Thériault, G., Tremblay, C., Cordier, S. and Gingras, S. Bladder cancer in the aluminium industry. Lancet, i: 947-950 (1984).

  167. Hicks, J.S., Hackett, D.S. and Sprague, G.L. Toxicity and aluminium concentration in bone following dietary administration of two sodium aluminium phosphate formulations in rats. Food Chem. Toxicol., 25(1): 533-538 (1987).

  168. Gómez, M., Domingo, J.L., Llobet, J.M., Tomás, J.M. and Corbella, J. Short-term oral toxicity study of aluminium in rats. Arch. Farmacol. Toxicol., 12: 145-151 (1986).

  169. Greger, J.L., Gum, E.T. and Bula, E.N. Mineral metabolism of rats fed various levels of aluminum hydroxide. Biol. Trace Element Res., 9: 67-77 (1986).

  170. Greger, J.L., Bula, E.N. and Gum, E.T. Mineral metabolism of rats fed moderate levels of various aluminum compounds for short periods of time. J. Nutr., 115: 1708-1716 (1985).

  171. Domingo, J.L., Llobet, J.M., Gómez, M., Tomás, J.M. and Corbella, J. Nutritional and toxicological effects of short-term ingestion of aluminum by the rat. Res. Commun. Chem. Pathol. Pharmacol., 56(3): 409-419 (1987).

  172. Pettersen, J.C., Hackett, D.S., Zwicker, G.M. and Sprague, G.L. Twenty-six week toxicity study with KASAL® (basic sodium aluminum phosphate) in beagle dogs. J. Environ. Geochem. Health, 12(1/2): 121-123 (1990).

  173. Schroeder, H.A. and Mitchener, M. Life-term studies in rats: effects of aluminum, barium, beryllium, and tungsten. J. Nutr., 105: 421-427 (1975).

  174. Schroeder, H.A. and Mitchener, M. Life-term effects of mercury, methylmercury and nine other trace metals on mice. J. Nutr., 105: 452-458 (1975).

  175. Kanematsu, N., Hara, M. and Kada, T. Rec assay and mutagenicity studies on metal compounds. Mutat. Res., 77: 109-116 (1980).

  176. Léonard, A. and Gerber, G.B. Mutagenicity, carcinogenicity and teratogenicity of aluminium. Mutat. Res., 196: 247-257 (1988).

  177. Marzin, D.R. and Phi, H.V. Study of mutagenicity of metal derivatives with Salmonella typhimurium TA 102. Mutat. Res., 155: 49-51 (1985).

  178. Leonard, A. and Leonard, E.D. Mutagenic and carcinogenic potential of aluminium and aluminium compounds. Toxicol. Environ. Chem., 23: 27-31 (1989).

  179. Crapper McLachlan, D.R. Aluminum neurotoxicity: criteria for assigning a role in Alzheimer's disease. In: Environmental chemistry and toxicology of aluminum. T.E. Lewis (ed.). Lewis Publishers, Chelsea, MI (1989).

  180. Roy, A.K., Talukder, G. and Sharma, A. Effects of aluminum sulphate on human leukocyte chromosomes in vitro. Mutat. Res., 244: 179-184 (1990).

  181. Dixon, R.L., Sherins, R.J. and Lee, I.P. Assessment of environmental factors affecting male fertility. Environ. Health Perspect., 30: 53-68 (1979).

  182. McCormack, K.M., Ottosen, L.D., Sanger, V.L., Sprague, S., Mayor, G.H. and Hook, J.B. Effect of prenatal administration of aluminum and parathyroid hormone on fetal development in the rat. Proc. Soc. Exp. Biol. Med., 161: 74-77 (1979).

  183. Domingo, J.L., Paternain, J.L., Llobet, J.M. and Corbella, J. Effects of oral aluminum administration on perinatal and postnatal development in rats. Res. Commun. Chem. Pathol. Pharmacol., 57(1): 129-132 (1987).

  184. Gomez, M., Bosque, M.A., Domingo, J.L., Llobet, J.M. and Corbella, J. Evaluation of the maternal and developmental toxicity of aluminum from high doses of aluminum hydroxide in rats. Vet. Hum. Toxicol., 32(6): 545-548 (1990).

  185. Gomez, M., Domingo, J.L. and Llobet, J.M. Developmental toxicity evaluation of oral aluminum in rats: influence of citrate. Neurotoxicol. Teratol., 13: 323-328 (1991).

  186. Colomina, M.T., Gómez, M., Domingo, J.L., Llobet, J.M. and Corbella, J. Concurrent ingestion of lactate and aluminum can result in developmental toxicity in mice. Res. Commun. Chem. Pathol. Pharmacol., 77(1): 95-106 (1992).

  187. Colomina, M.R., Gómez, M., Domingo, J.L. and Corbella, J. Lack of maternal and developmental toxicity in mice given high doses of aluminium hydroxide and ascorbic acid during gestation. Pharmacol. Toxicol., 74: 236-239 (1994).

  188. Domingo, J.L., Gómez, M., Bosque, M.A. and Corbella, J. Lack of teratogenicity of aluminum hydroxide in mice. Life Sci., 45: 243-247 (1989).

  189. Ondreička, R., Ginter, E. and Kortus, J. Chronic toxicity of aluminium in rats and mice and its effects on phosphorus metabolism. Br. J. Ind. Med., 23: 305-312 (1966).

  190. Cranmer, J.M., Wilkins, J.D., Cannon, D.J. and Smith, L. Fetal-placental-maternal uptake of aluminum in mice following gestational exposure: effect of dose and route of administration. Neurotoxicology, 7(2): 601-608 (1986).

  191. Donald, J.M., Golub, M.S., Gershwin, M.E. and Keen, C.L. Neurobehavioral effects in offspring of mice given excess aluminum in diet during gestation and lactation. Neurotoxicol. Teratol., 11: 345-351 (1989).

  192. Golub, M.S., Keen, C.L. and Gershwin, M.E. Neurodevelop-mental effect of aluminum in mice: fostering studies. Neurotoxicol. Teratol., 14: 177-182 (1992).

  193. Golub, M.S., Han, B., Keen, C.L. and Gershwin, M.E. Developmental patterns of aluminum in mouse brain and effects of dietary aluminum excess on manganese deficiency. Toxicology, 81: 33-47 (1993).

  194. Muller, G., Burnel, D., Gery, A. and Lehr, P.R. Element variations in pregnant and nonpregnant female rats orally intoxicated by aluminum lactate. Biol. Trace Element Res., 39: 211-219 (1993).

  195. Cutrufo, C., Caroli, S., Delle Femmine, P., Ortolani, E., Palazzesi, S., Violante, N., Zapponi, G.A. and Loizzo, A. Experimental aluminium encephalopathy: quantitative EEG analysis of aluminium bioavailability. J. Neurol. Neurosurg. Psychiatry, 47: 204-206 (1984).

  196. Fleming, J. and Joshi, J.G. Ferritin: isolation of aluminum-ferritin complex from brain. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A., 84: 7866-7870 (1987).

  197. Commissaris, R.L., Cordon, J.J., Sprague, S., Keiser, J., Mayor, G.H. and Rech, R.H. Behavioral changes in rats after chronic aluminum and parathyroid hormone administration. Neurobehav. Toxicol. Teratol., 4: 403-410 (1982).

  198. Cherroret, G., Bernuzzi, V., Desor, D., Hutin, M.-F., Burnel, D. and Lehr, P.R. Effects of postnatal aluminum exposure on choline acetyltransferase activity and learning abilities in the rat. Neurotoxicol. Teratol., 14: 259-264 (1992).

  199. Yen-Koo, H.C. The effect of aluminum on conditioned avoidance response (CAR) in mice. Toxicol. Ind. Health, 8(1/2): 1-7 (1992).

  200. Domingo, J.L., Llorens, J., Gómez, M., Sanchez, D.J., Llobet, J.M. and Corbella, J. Effects of aluminum ingestion on behavior in young, adult, and old rats. Toxicologist, 15(1): 311 (1995).

  201. Golub, M.S., Han, B., Keen, C.L., Gershwin, M.E. and Tarara, R.P. Behavioral performance of Swiss Webster mice exposed to excess dietary aluminum during development or during development and as adults. Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol., 133: 64-72 (1995).

  202. Muller, G., Bernuzzi, V., Desor, D., Hutin, M.-F., Burnel, D. and Lehr, P.R. Developmental alterations in offspring of female rats orally intoxicated by aluminum lactate at different gestation periods. Teratology, 42: 253-261 (1990).

  203. Bernuzzi, V., Desor, D. and Lehr, P.R. Effects of prenatal aluminum exposure on neuromotor maturation in the rat. Neurobehav. Toxicol. Teratol., 8: 115-119 (1986).

  204. Golub, M.S., Gershwin, M.E., Donald, J.M., Negri, S. and Keen, C.L. Maternal and developmental toxicity of chronic aluminum exposure in mice. Fundam. Appl. Toxicol., 8: 346-357 (1987).

  205. Anderson, B.J., Nash, S.M., Richard, M., Dungan, D.S. and Davis, S.F. Prenatal exposure to aluminum or stress: II. Behavioral and performance effects. Bull. Psychon. Soc., 23(6): 524-526 (1985).