Health Canada
Symbol of the Government of Canada

Institutional links

Environmental and Workplace Health

Water Quality and Health - Antimony

References

  1. McCutcheon, B. Antimony. In: 1995 Canadian minerals year-book. Review and outlook. Minerals and Metals Sector, Natural Resources Canada. pp. 55.1-55.5 (1995).
  2. Statistics Canada. Canada's mineral production. Preliminary estimates 1997. Catalogue No. 26-202-XPB, Manufacturing, Construction and Energy Division. pp. 8-9 (1997).
  3. Canadian Council of Resource and Environment Ministers. Canadian water quality guidelines. Environment Canada (1987).
  4. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. Ambient water quality criteria for antimony. EPA 440/5-80-020 (NTIS PB81-117319), Criteria and Standards Division, Office of Water Regulations and Standards, Washington, DC (1980).
  5. Cyr, F., Mehra, M.C. and Mallet, V.N. Leaching of chemical contaminants from a municipal landfill site. Bull. Environ. Contam. Toxicol., 38: 775-782 (1987).
  6. Subramanian, K.S., Connor, J.W. and Meranger, J.C. Leaching of antimony, cadmium, copper, lead, silver, tin and zinc from copper piping with non-lead-based soldered joints. J. Environ. Sci. Health, A26(6): 911-929 (1991).
  7. Monitoring and Assessment Research Centre (MARC). Exposure commitment assessments of environmental pollutants. Vol. 3. MARC Report No. 30, Chelsea College, University of London. pp. 32-52 (1983).
  8. Parker, C.L., McKeon, K. and Livshits, E. Antimony removal technology for mining industry wastewaters. Report No. EPA-600/7-79-129, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (1979)., cited in reference 12.
  9. McKee, J.E. and Wolf, H.W. Water quality criteria. 2nd edition. Resources Agency of California, State Water Quality Control Board. pp. 138-139 (1963).
  10. Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (ATSDR). Toxicological profile for antimony. TP-91/02, Public Health Service, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services (1992).
  11. National Water Quality Data Bank (NAQUADAT), 1985. Water Quality Branch, Inland Waters Directorate, Environment Canada, Ottawa (1987), cited in reference 3.
  12. SENES Consultants Ltd. Drinking water criteria review for antimony. Prepared for Ontario Ministry of the Environment, Toronto (1986).
  13. Dominie, K. Personal communication. Newfoundland and Labrador Department of Environment (1995).
  14. Ecobichon, D.J. Personal communication. New Brunswick Department of Health and Community Services (1995).
  15. Schroeder, H.A. Municipal drinking water and cardiovascular death rates. J. Am. Med. Assoc., 195: 81 (1966).
  16. Greathouse, D.G and Craun, G.F. Cardiovascular disease study Occurrence of inorganics in household tap water and relationships to cardiovascular mortality rates. In: Trace substances in environmental health XII. Proceedings of the University of Missouri's 12th Annual Conference on Trace Substances in Environmental Health (1978).
  17. World Health Organization. Guidelines for drinking-water quality. Vol. 2. Health criteria and other supporting information. Geneva (1996).
  18. Hopper, J.F. and Barrie, L.A. Regional and background aerosol trace elemental composition observed in eastern Canada. Tellus, 40B 446-462 (1988), cited in reference 10.
  19. Kowalczyk, G.S., Gordon, G.E. and Rheingrover, S.W. Identification of atmospheric particulate sources in Washington, D.C. using chemical element balances. Environ. Sci. Technol., 16: 79-90 (1982), cited in reference 10.
  20. Murthy, G.K., Rhea, U. and Peeler, J.T. Levels of antimony, cadmium, chromium, cobalt, manganese, and zinc in institutional total diets. Environ. Sci. Technol., 5: 436-442 (1971).
  21. Friberg, L., Nordberg, G.F. and Vouk, V. Handbook on the toxicology of metals. Amsterdam. 709 pp. (1979).
  22. Iyengar, G.V., Tanner, J.T., Wolf, W.R. and Zeisler, R. Preparation of a mixed human diet material for the determination of nutrient elements, selected toxic elements and organic nutrients: a preliminary report. Sci. Total Environ., 61: 235-252 (1987).
  23. Goulden, P.D. and Brooksbank, P. Automated atomic absorption determination of arsenic, antimony, and selenium in natural waters. Anal. Chem., 46: 1431-1436 (1974).
  24. Rubel, F., Jr. Personal communication. January 31 (1978), cited in reference 25.
  25. Sorg, T.J. and Logsdon, G.S. Treatment technology to meet the interim primary drinking water regulations for inorganics: Part 2. J. Am. Water Works Assoc., 70(70): 379 (1978).
  26. Health and Welfare Canada. Guidelines for Canadian drinking water quality. Water treatment principles and applications. A manual for the production of drinking water. Canadian Water and Waste-water Association, Ottawa (1993).
  27. Thomas, R.G., Felicetti, S.W., Lucchino, R.V. and McClellan, R.O. Retention patterns of antimony in mice following inhalation of particles formed at different temperatures. Proc. Exp. Biol. Med., 144: 544-550 (1973), cited in reference 10.
  28. Waitz, J.A., Ober, R.E., Meisenhelder, J.E. and Thompson, P.E. Physiological disposition of antimony after administration of 124Sb-labelled tartar emetic to rats, mice and monkeys, and the effects of tris (p-aminophenyl) carbonium pamoate on this distribution. Bull. W.H.O., 33: 537-546 (1965).
  29. Felicetti, S.A., Thomas, R.G. and McClellan, R.O. Metabolism of two valence states of inhaled antimony in hamsters. Am. Ind. Hyg. Assoc. J., 35(5): 292-300 (1974).
  30. Moskalev, Y.I. Materials on the distribution of radioactive antimony. Med. Radiol., 4: 6-13 (1959). Cited in U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. Drinking water criteria document for antimony. NTIS/PB 92-173293, prepared for Criteria and Standards Division, Office of Drinking Water, Washington, DC (1992).
  31. Van Bruwaene, R.E., Gerber, G.B., Kirchmann, R. and Colard, J. Metabolism of antimony-124 in lactating cows. Health Phys., 43(5): 738-743 (1982). Cited in U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. Drinking water criteria document for antimony. NTIS/PB 92-173293, prepared for Criteria and Standards Division, Office of Drinking Water, Washington, DC (1992).
  32. Abdalla, A. and Saif, M. Tracer studies with antimony-124 in man. In: Bilharziasis. G.E.W. Walstenhalne and M. O'Conner (eds.). Little, Brown and Co., Boston, MA. p. 287 (1962), cited in reference 4.
  33. Belyaeva, A.P. The effect of antimony on reproduction. Gig. Tr. Prof. Zabol., 11: 32 (1967).
  34. Gerber, G.B., Maes, J. and Eykens, B. Transfer of antimony and arsenic to the developing organism. Arch. Toxicol., 49(2): 159-168 (1982).
  35. Clemente, G.F., Ingrao, G. and Santaroni, G.P. The concentration of some trace elements in human milk from Italy. Sci. Total Environ., 24: 255-265 (1982).
  36. Otto, G.F. and Maren, T.H. Studies on the excretion and concentration of antimony in blood and other tissues following the injection of trivalent and pentavalent antimonials into experimental animals. Am. J. Hyg., 51: 370-385 (1950).
  37. Stemmer, K.L. Pharmacology and toxicology of heavy metals: antimony. Pharmacol. Ther. A, 1: 157-160 (1976).
  38. Venugopal, B. and Luckey, T.D. Metal toxicity in mammals. Vol. 2. Plenum Press, New York, NY (1978).
  39. Werrin, M. Chemical food poisoning. Association of Food and Drug Officials, Hussock Food and Drug Office, U.S. Q. Bull., 27: 28-45 (1963).
  40. Chopra, R.N. Experimental investigation into the action of organic compounds of antimony. Indian J. Med. Res., 15: 41 (1927). Cited in Browning, E. Toxicity of industrial metals. 2nd edition. Butterworths, London (1969).
  41. Brieger, H., Semisch, C.W., Stasney, J. and Piatnek, D.A. Industrial antimony poisoning. Ind. Med. Surg., 23: 521-523 (1954).
  42. Schnorr, T.M., Steenland, K., Thun, M.J. and Rinsky, R.A. Mortality in a cohort of antimony smelter workers. Am. J. Ind. Med., 27: 759-770 (1995).
  43. Jones, R.D. Survey of antimony workers: mortality 1961-1992.Occup. Environ. Med., 51: 772-776 (1994).
  44. Hayes, W.J. and Laws, E.R. Handbook of pesticide toxicology. Vol. 2. Classes of pesticides. Academic Press, New York, NY (1991).
  45. Bradley, W.R. and Fredrick, W.G. The toxicity of antimony -animal studies. Ind. Med., 10(4): 15-22 (1941).
  46. Ercoli, N. Chemotherapeutic and toxicological properties of antimonyl tartrate-dimethylcysteine chelates (33304). Proc. Soc. Exp. Biol. Med., 129: 284-290 (1968).
  47. Oelkers, H.A. Zur Pharmacologies des Antimons. Arch. Exp. Pathol. Pharmakol., 187: 56 (1937). Cited in Browning, E. Toxicity of industrial metals. 2nd edition. Butterworths, London (1969).
  48. Pribyl, E. Nitrogen metabolism in experimental subacute arsenic and antimony poisoning. J. Biol. Chem., 74: 775 (1927). Cited in Browning, E. Toxicity of industrial metals. 2nd edition. Butterworths, London (1969).
  49. Levina, E.N. and Chekunova, M.P. Toxicity of antimony halides. Fed. Proc., 24: T608-T610 (1965) (translation of Gig. Tr. Prof. Zabol., 8(7): 25, 1964).
  50. Fleming, A.J. The toxicity of antimony trioxide. OTS215027. Sponsored by E.I. Du Pont de Nemours and Co., Wilmington, DE (1982).
  51. Smyth, H.F., Jr. and Carpenter, C.P. Further experience with the range finding test in the industrial toxicology laboratory. J. Ind. Hyg. Toxicol., 30: 63-68 (1948).
  52. Hiraoka, N. The toxicity and organ-distribution of antimony after chronic administration to rats. J. Kyoto Prefect. Univ. Med., 95(8): 997-1017 (1986) (in Japanese with English abstract and tables).
  53. Poon, R., Chu, I., Lecavalier, P., Valli, V.E., Foster, W., Gupta, S. and Thomas, B. Effects of antimony on rats following 90-day exposure via drinking water. Food Chem. Toxicol., 36: 21-35 (1998).
  54. Poon, R. Personal communication. Environmental Health Directorate, Health Canada, Ottawa (1998).
  55. Sunagawa, S. Experimental studies on antimony poisoning. Igaku Kenkyu, 51: 129-142 (1981).
  56. Schroeder, H.A., Mitchener, M., Balassa, J.J., Kanisawa, M. and Nason, A.P. Zirconium, niobium, antimony and fluorine in mice: effects on growth, survival and tissue levels. J. Nutr., 95(1): 95-101 (1968).
  57. Schroeder, H.A., Mitchener, M. and Nason, A.P. Zirconium, niobium, antimony, vanadium and lead in rats: life term studies. J. Nutr., 100(1): 59-68 (1970).
  58. Kanisawa, M. and Schroeder, H.A. Life term studies on the effect of trace elements on spontaneous tumors in mice and rats. Cancer Res., 29(4): 892-895 (1969).
  59. Watt, W.D. Chronic inhalation toxicity of antimony trioxide: validation of the threshold limit value. Diss. Abstr. Int., 44(3): 739-B-740-B (1983).
  60. Groth, D.H., Stettler, L.E., Burg, J.R., Busey, W.M., Grant, G.C. and Wong, L. Carcinogenic effects of antimony trioxide and antimony ore concentrate in rats. J. Toxicol. Environ. Health, 18: 607-626 (1986).
  61. Paton, G.R. and Allison, A.C. Chromosome damage in human cell cultures induced by metal salts. Mutat. Res., 16: 332-336 (1972).
  62. Castro, B.C., Meyers, J. and Di Paolo, J.A. Enhancement of viral transformation for evaluation of the carcinogenic or mutagenic potential of inorganic salts. Cancer Res., 39: 193-198 (1979).
  63. Kanematsu, K. and Kada, T. Mutagenicity of metal compounds. Mutat. Res., 53: 207-208 (1978).
  64. Rossi, F., Acampora, R., Vacca, C., Maione, S., Matera, M.G., Servodio, R. and Marmo, E. Prenatal and postnatal antimony exposure in rats: effect on vasomotor reactivity development of pups. Teratogen. Carcinogen. Mutagen., 7: 491-496 (1987).
  65. Casals, J.B. Pharmacokinetic and toxicological studies of antimony dextran glycoside (RL-712). Br. J. Pharmacol., 46: 281-288 (1972).