Guidelines for Canadian Drinking Water Quality: Guideline Technical Document - Chlorite and Chlorate

Prepared by the Federal-Provincial-Territorial Committee on Drinking Water of the
Federal-Provincial-Territorial Committee on Health and the Environment

June 2008
ISBN: 978-1-100-10509-3
Cat. No.: H128-1/08-549E
HC Pub.: 4142

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Table of Contents

• Part I. Overview and Application
  • 1.0 Guidelines
  • 2.0 Executive summary
    • 2.1 Health effects
    • 2.2 Exposure
    • 2.3 Treatment
  • 3.0 Application of the guideline
    • 3.1 Monitoring
• Part II. Science and Technical Considerations
  • 4.0 Identity, use and sources in the environment
    • 4.1 Behaviour in water systems
  • 5.0 Exposure
  • 6.0 Analytical methods
    • 6.1 Chlorite - U.S. EPA approved methods
    • 6.2 Chlorate - U.S. EPA approved methods
    • 6.3 Chlorine dioxide - U.S. EPA approved methods
    • 6.4 Other available methods
  • 7.0 Treatment technology
    • 7.1 Municipal-scale
      • 7.1.1 Chlorite
      • 7.1.2 Chlorate
    • 7.2 Residential-scale
      • 7.2.1 Chlorite
      • 7.2.2 Chlorate
  • 8.0 Kinetics and metabolism
    • 8.1 Absorption and metabolism
    • 8.2 Distribution
    • 8.3 Excretion
  • 9.0 Health effects
    • 9.1 Effects in humans
      • 9.1.1 Acute and short-term toxicity
      • 9.1.2 Reproductive effects
    • 9.2 Effects on experimental animals and in vitro
      • 9.2.1 Acute toxicity
      • 9.2.2 Short-term exposure
        • 9.2.2.1 Chlorite
        • 9.2.2.2 Chlorate
        • 9.2.2.3 Chlorine Dioxide
      • 9.2.3 Long-term exposure and carcinogenicity
        • 9.2.3.1 Chlorite
        • 9.2.3.2 Chlorate
        • 9.2.3.3 Chlorine dioxide
      • 9.2.4 Mutagenicity/genotoxicity
        • 9.2.4.1 Chlorite
        • 9.2.4.2 Chlorate
        • 9.2.4.3 Chlorine dioxide
      • 9.2.5 Reproductive and developmental toxicity
        • 9.2.5.1 Chlorite
        • 9.2.5.2 Chlorate
        • 9.2.5.3 Chlorine dioxide
  • 10.0 Classification and assessment
    • 10.1 Chlorite
    • 10.2 Chlorate
    • 10.3 Chlorine dioxide
  • 11.0 Rationale
    • 11.1 Chlorite
    • 11.2 Chlorate
  • 12.0 References
• Appendix A: Analytical methods for chlorite and chlorate in drinking water
• Appendix B: List of Acronyms