Santé Canada
Symbole du gouvernement du Canada

Liens de la barre de menu commune

Santé de l'environnement et du milieu de travail

Les toxines cyanobactériennes -- Les microcystines-LR

Références bibliographiques

  1. Carmichael, W.W. Cyanobacteria secondary metabolites -- the cyanotoxins. J. Appl. Bacteriol., 72: 445-459 (1992).
  2. Carmichael, W.W. An overview of toxic cyanobacteria research in the United States. Dans : Toxic cyanobacteria: current status of research et management. Actes d'un atelier international, Adelaide, Australie, 22 au 26 mars 1994. D.A. Steffensen et B.C. Nicholson (éds.). Australien Centre for Water Quality Research, Salisbury, Australie. pp. 39-44 (1994).
  3. Fawell, J.K., Hart, J., James, H.A. et Parr, W. Blue-green algae et their toxins -- analysis, toxicity, treatment et environmental control. Water Supply, 11(3/4): 109-121 (1993).
  4. Boyer, G.L., Yang, X., Patchett, E.A., Gao, H. et Satchwell, M.F. Cyanobacteria toxins in upstate New York waters: a comparison on Onondaga Lake et Oneida Lake. Sommaire d'une communication affichée à la 2e Conférence annuelle du lac Onondaga, 20 novembre 2000, Syracuse, New York (2001).
  5. Carmichael, W.W. A status report on planktonic cyanobacteria (blue-green algae) et their toxins. EPA/600/R-92-079, Environmental Monitoring Systems Laboratory, Office of Research et Development, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Cincinnati, OH. 141 pp. (1992).
  6. Ressom, R., Soong, F.S., Fitzgerald, J., Turczynowicz, L., El Saadi, O., Roder, D., Maynard, T. et Falconer, I. Health effects of toxic cyanobacteria (blue-green algae). National Health et Medical Research Council of Australie, Commonwealth Department of Human Services et Health. Australien Government Publishing Service, Canberra, Australie. 108 pp. (1994).
  7. World Health Organization. Toxic cyanobacteria in water: a guide to their public health consequences, monitoring et management. I. Chorus et J. Bartram (eds.). E & FN Spon, London, UK (1999).
  8. Skulberg, O.M., Carmichael, W.W., Codd, G.A. et Skulberg, R. Taxonomy of toxic cyanophyceae (cyanobacteria). Dans : Algal toxins in seafood et drinking water. I.R. Falconer (éd.). Academic Press, San Diego, Californie. pp. 145-164029 (1993).
  9. Watanabe, M. Personal communication. Department of Environmental Health, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Public Health, Tokyo, Japan (1996).
  10. Hrudey, S.E., Lambert, T.W. et Kenefick, S.L. Health risk assessment of microcystins in drinking water supplies. Dans : Toxic cyanobacteria -- a global perspective. March 28, 1994, Adelaide, Sud. Australie. Australien Centre for Water Quality Research, Salisbury, Australie. pp. 7-12 (1994).
  11. NRA Toxic Algae Task Group. Toxic blue-green algae. A report by the National Rivers Authority Toxic Algae Task Group. National Rivers Authority Water Quality Series No. 2, The Environment Agency of Englet et Wales. 128 pp. (1990).
  12. Park, H.-D., Watanabe, M.F., Harada, K.-I., Nagai, H., Suzuki, M., Watanabe, M. et Hayashi, H. Hepatotoxin (micro-cystin) et neurotoxin (anatoxin-a) contained in natural blooms et strains of cyanobacteria from Japanese freshwaters. Nat. Toxins, 1: 353-360 (1993).
  13. Kotak, B.G., Lam, A.K-Y., Prepas, E.E., Kenefick, S.L. et Hrudey, S.E. Variability of the hepatotoxin microcystin-LR in hyper-eutrophic drinking water lakes. J. Phycol., 31: 248-263 (1995).
  14. Jones, G.J. et Falconer, I.R. Factors affecting the production of toxins by cyanobacteria. Final grant report to the Let et Water Resources Research et Development Corporation, Canberra, Australie (1994), cited in reference 7.
  15. Jones, G.J. et Orr, P.T. Release et degradation of microcystin following algicide treatment of a Microcystis aeruginosa bloom in a recreational lake, as determined by HPLC et protein phosphatase inhibition assay. Water Res., 28(4): 871-876 (1994).
  16. Fawell, J.K. Personal communication. Water Research Centre, Medmenham, UK (1998).
  17. Kenefick, S.L., Hrudey, S.E., Peterson, H.G. et Prepas, E.E. Toxin release from Microcystis aeruginosa after chemical treatment. Water Sci. Technol., 27: 433-440 (1993).
  18. Tsuji, K., Naito, S., Kondo, F., Ishikawa, N., Watanabe, M.F., Suzuki, M. et Harada, K.-I. Stability of microcystins from cyanobacteria: effect of light on decomposition et isomerization. Environ. Sci. Technol., 28: 173-177 (1994).
  19. Cousins, I.T., Bealing, D.J., James, H.A. et Sutton, A. Biodegradation of microcystin-LR by indigenous mixed bacterial populations. Water Res., 30(2): 481-485 (1996).
  20. Harada, K.-I., Suzuki, M., Dahlem, A.M., Beasley, V.R., Carmichael, W.W. et Rinehart, K.L., Jr. Improved method for purification of toxic peptides produced by cyanobacteria. Toxicon, 26(5): 433-439 (1988).
  21. Kenefick, S.L., Hrudey, S.E., Prepas, E.E., Motkosky, N. et Peterson, H.G. Odorous substances et cyanobacterial toxins in prairie drinking water sources. Water Sci. Technol., 25(2): 147-154 (1992).
  22. Kotak, B.G., Kenefick, S.L., Fritz, D.L., Rousseaux, C.G., Prepas, E.E. et Hrudey, S.E. Occurrence et toxicological evaluation of cyanobacterial toxins in Alberta lakes et farm dugouts. Water Res., 27(3): 495-506 (1993).
  23. Santé Canada. Mise en garde : Des toxines pourraient être présentes dans des produits contenant des algues bleu-vert. http://www.hc- sc.gc.ca/francais/protection/mises_garde/1999/99_69f.htm (1999).
  24. Watanabe, M.F., Park, H.-D., Kondo, F., Harada, K.-I., Hayashi, H. et Okino, T. Identification et estimation of microcystins in freshwater mussels. Nat. Toxins, 5: 31-35 (1997).
  25. Williams, D.E., Dawe, S.C., Kent, M.L., Andersen, R.J., Craig, M. et Holmes, C.F.B. Bioaccumulation et clearance of micro-cystins from salt water mussels, Mytilus edulis, et in vivo evidence for covalently bound microcystins in mussel tissues. Toxicon, 35(11): 1671-1625 (1997).
  26. Williams, D.E., Craig, M., Dawe, S.C., Kent, M.L., Holmes, C.F.B. et Andersen, R.J. Evidence for a covalently bound form of microcystin-LR in salmon liver et dungeness crab larvae. Chem. Res. Toxicol., 10: 463-469 (1997).
  27. Codd, G.A., Ward, C.J. et Bell, S.G. Cyanobacterial toxins: occurrence, modes of action, health effects et exposure routes. Arch. Toxicol., Suppl. 19: 399-410 (1997).
  28. Eriksson, J.E., Grönberg, L., Nygård, S., Slotte, J.P. et Meriluoto, J.A.O. Hepatocellular uptake of 3H-dihydromicrocystin-LR, a cyclic peptide toxin. Biochim. Biophys. Acta, 1025: 60-66 (1990).
  29. Lambert, T.W., Bolet, M.P., Holmes, C.F.B. et Hrudey, S.E. Quantitation of the microcystin hepatotoxins in water at environmentally relevant concentrations with the protein phosphatase bioassay. Environ. Sci. Technol., 28: 753-755 (1994).
  30. Jones, G. Toxic algae study summary. Manitoba Department of Environment, Winnipeg, Manitoba, February (1996).
  31. Jones, G., Gurney, S. et Rocan, D. Blue-green algae et microcystin-LR in surface water supplies of southwestern Manitoba. Manitoba Environment Report No. 98-06, Manitoba Environment. 82 pp. (1998).
  32. Gurney, S. et Jones, G. Toxic algae occurrence et distribution in Manitoba surface waters. Dans : Proceedings of the Canadian Rural Water Quality Symposium, Winnipeg, March 25-26 (1997).
  33. Mackay, W.C. A preliminary study of microcystin-LR in dug-outs which supply water for domestic use in Northern Alberta --1997. Rapport final produit pour l'Administration du rétablissement agricole des Prairies, juin (1998).
  34. Mackay, W.C. Microcystin-LR levels in water supplies in the Peace River region, Alberta during 1998. Rapport final produit pour l'Administration du rétablissement agricole des Prairies, novembre (1998).
  35. American Water Works Association Research Foundation. Assessment of blue-green algal toxins in raw et finished drinking water. American Water Works Association Research Foundation et American Water Works Association, Denver, CO (2001).
  36. Harada, K. Strategy for trace analysis of microcystins in complicated matrix. Dans : Toxic cyanobacteria -- a global perspective. March 28, 1994, Adelaide, Sud. Australie. Australien Centre for Water Quality Research, Salisbury, Australie. pp. 49-51 (1994).
  37. Holmes, C.F.B. Liquid chromatography-linked protein phosphatase bioassay; a highly sensitive marine bioscreen for okadaic acid et related diarrhetic shellfish toxins. Toxicon, 29(4/5): 469-477 (1991).
  38. Bolet, M.P., Smillie, M.A., Chen, D.Z.X. et Holmes, C.F.B. A unified bioscreen for the detection of diarrhetic shellfish toxins et microcystins in marine et freshwater environments. Toxicon, 31(11): 1393-1405 (1993).
  39. Harada, K. Personal communication. Faculty of Pharmacy, Meijo University, Tempaku, Nagoya, Japan (1996).
  40. An, J.S. et Carmichael, W.W. Use of a colorimetric protein phosphatase inhibition assay et enzyme linked immunosorbent assay for the study of microcystins et nodularins. Toxicon, 32(12): 1495-1507 (1994).
  41. Chu, F.S., Huang, X. et Wei, R.D. Enzyme-linked immuno-sorbent assay for microcystins in blue-green algal blooms. J. Assoc. Off. Anal. Chem., 73(3): 451-456 (1990).
  42. Carmichael, W.W. Personal communication. Département des sciences biologiques, Université Wright State, Dayton, Ohio (1996).
  43. Thomsen, K. Personal communication.
  44. Ueno, Y. Communication personnelle. Faculté des sciences pharmaceutiques, Université scientifique de Tokyo, Tokyo, Japon (1993).
  45. Kondo, F., Ikai, Y., Oka, H., Ishikawa, N., Watanabe, M.F., Watanabe, M., Harada, K.-I. et Suzuki, M. Separation and identification of microcystins in cyanobacteria by frit-fast atom bombardment liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry. Toxicon, 30(3): 227-237 (1992).
  46. Sivonen, K. Occurrence of toxic cyanobacteria in Finnish fresh waters et the Baltic Sea. Dans : Toxic cyanobacteria: current status of research et management. Actes d'un atelier international, Adelaide, Australie, 22 au 26 mars 1994. D.A. Steffensen et B.C. Nicholson (éds.). Australien Centre for Water Quality Research, Salisbury, Australie. pp. 15-18 (1994).
  47. Siegelman, H.W., Adams, W.H., Stoner, R.D. et Slatkin, D.N. Toxins of Microcystis aeruginosa and their hematological and histopathological effects. Dans : Seafood toxins. E.P. Ragelis (ed.). ACS Symposium Series No. 262, American Chemical Society. pp. 407-413 (1984).
  48. Edwards, C., Lawton, L.A., Beattie, K.A., Fawell, J.K. et Codd, G.A. Separation et characterization of cyanobacterial peptide toxins by photodiode array high-performance liquid chromatography. Br. Phycol. J., 26: 84-85 (1991).
  49. New South Wales Blue-Green Algae Task Force. Blue-green algae. Final report of the New South Wales Blue-Green Algae Task Force. Department of Water Resources, Parramatta, Nouvelles-Galles du Sud, Australie. 159 pp. (1992).
  50. Burch, M.D. The development of an alert levels et response framework for the management of blue-green algal blooms. Dans : Blue green algal blooms -- new developments in research et management. Australien Centre for Water Quality Research, Salisbury, Australie (1993).
  51. Hrudey, S.E., Kenefick, S.L., Best, N., Gillespie, T., Kotak, B.G., Prepas, E.E. et Peterson, H.G. Liver toxins et odour agents in cyanobacterial blooms in Alberta surface water supplies. Dans: Proceedings of the 5th National Conference on Drinking Water, September 13-15, 1992, Winnipeg. W. Robertson, R. Tobin et K. Kjartanson (éds.). American Water Works Association, Denver, CO. pp. 383-390 (1993).
  52. Hart, J., Fawell, J.K. et Croll, B. The fate of both intra- and extracellular toxins during drinking water treatment. Dans : Algal toxins in surface waters: origins and removal during drinking water treatment processes. International Water Supply Association World Congress, 1997. Blackwell Science Ltd., Madrid, Spain (1997).
  53. Drikas, M., Chow, C.W.K., House, J. et Burch, M.D. A pilot study of the removal of intact cyanobacterial cells. Submitted to J. Am. Water Works Assoc. (1997), cited in reference 7.
  54. Jones, G., Minatol, W., Craig, K. et Naylor, R. Removal of low level cyanobacterial peptide toxins from drinking water using powdered et granular activated carbon et chlorination -- Results of laboratory et pilot plant studies. Proceedings of the 15th Federal Convention of the Australien Water et Wastewater Association, April 18-23, 1993, Gold Coast, Queenslet, Australie. Vol. 2. Australien Water and Wastewater Association. pp. 339-346 (1993), cited in reference 7.
  55. Lambert, T.W., Holmes, C.F.B. et Hrudey, S.E. Adsorption of microcystin-LR by activated carbon and removal in full scale water treatment. Water Res., 30(6): 1411-1422 (1996).
  56. Chow, C.W.K., Drikas, M., House, J., Burch, M.D. et Velzeboer, R.M.A. The impact of conventional water treatment processes on cells of the cyanobacterium Microcystis aeruginosa. Water Res., 33(15): 3253-3262 (1999).
  57. Keijola, A.M., Himberg, K., Esala, A.L., Sivonen, K. et Hiisvirta, L. Removal of cyanobacterial toxins in water treatment processes: laboratory et pilot-scale experiments. Toxic. Assess.: Int. J., 3: 643-656 (1988).
  58. Drikas, M. Removal of cyanobacterial toxins by water treatment processes. Dans : Toxic cyanobacteria -- a global perspective. March 28, 1994, Adelaide, Sud. Australie. Australien Centre for Water Quality Research, Salisbury, Australie. pp. 30-44 (1994).
  59. Hart, J. et Stott, P. Microcystin-LR removal from water. Report FR0367, Foundation for Water Research, Marlow, UK (1993), cited in reference 7.
  60. Muntisov, M. et Trimboli, P. Removal of algal toxins using membrane technology. Water, 23(3): 34 (1996).
  61. Neumann, U. et Weckesser, J. Elimination of microcystin peptide toxins from water by reverse osmosis. Environ. Toxicol. Water Qual., 13: 143-148 (1998), cité dans le renvoi 7.
  62. Lawton, L.A., Cornish, B.J.P.A. et MacDonald, A.W.R. Removal of cyanobacterial toxins (microcystins) et cyanobacterial cells from drinking water using domestic water filters. Water Res., 32(3): 633-638 (1998).
  63. Dillenberg, H.O. et Dehnel, M.K. Toxic water bloom in Saskatchewan, 1959. Can. Med. Assoc. J., 83: 1151-1154 (1960).
  64. Carmichael, W.W. et Falconer, I.R. Diseases related to freshwater blue-green algal toxins, et control measures. Dans : Algal toxins in seafood et drinking water. I.R. Falconer (éd.). Academic Press, San Diego, CA. pp. 187-209 (1993).
  65. Turner, P.C., Gammie, A.J., Hollinrake, K. et Codd, G.A. Pneumonia associated with contact with cyanobacteria. Br. Med. J., 300: 1440-1441 (1990).
  66. Bourke, A.T.C., Hawes, R.B., Neilson, A. et Stallman, N.D. An outbreak of hepato-enteritis (the Palm Islet mystery disease) possibly caused by algal intoxication. Toxicon, Suppl. 3: 45-48 (1983).
  67. Falconer, I.R. Effects on human health of some toxic cyanobacteria (blue-green algae) in reservoirs, lakes, et rivers. Toxic. Assess.: Int. J., 4: 175-184 (1989).
  68. Byth, S. Palm Islet mystery disease. Med. J. Aust., 2: 40-42 (1980).
  69. Prociv, P. Palm Islet reconsidered. Was it copper poisoning? Aust. N. Z. J. Med., 17: 345-349 (1987).
  70. Falconer, I.R. Potential impact on human health of toxic cyanobacteria. Phycologia, 35 (Suppl. 6): 6-11 (1996).
  71. Teixera, M.G.L.C., Costa, M.C.N., Carvalho, V.L.P., Pereira, M.S. et Hage, E. Gastroenteritis epidemic in the area of the Itaparica Dam, Bahia, Brazil. Bull. Pan Am. Health Org. (PAHO), 27(3): 244-253 (1993).
  72. Pouria, S., de Andrade, A., Barbosa, J., Cavalcanti, R.L., Barreto, V.T.S., Ward, O.J., Preiser, W., Poon, G.K., Neild, G.H. et Codd, G.A. Fatal microcystin intoxication in haemodialysis unit in Caruaru, Brazil. Lancet, 352: 21-26 (1998).
  73. Jochimsen, E.M., Carmichael, W.W., An, S., Cardo, D.M., Cookson, S.T., Holmes, C.E.M., Antunes, M.B. de C., de Melo Filho, D.A., Lyra, T.M., Baretto, V.S.T., Azevedo, S.M.F.O. et Jarvis, W.R. Liver failure and death after exposure to microcystins at a hemodialysis center in Brazil. N. Engl. J. Med., 338(13): 873-888 (1998).
  74. Carmichael, W.W., Azevedo, S.M.F.O., An, J.S., Molica, R.J.R., Jochimsen, E.M., Lau, S., Rinehart, K.L., Shaw, G.R. et Eaglesham, G.K. Environ. Health Perspect., 109(7): 663-668 (2001).
  75. Zilberg, B. Gastroenteritis in Salisbury European children -- a five-year study. Cent. Afr. J. Med., 12(9): 164-168 (1966).
  76. El Saadi, O. et Cameron, A.S. Illness associated with blue-green algae. Med. J. Aust., 158: 792-793 (1993).
  77. Yu, S.-Z. Drinking water et primary liver cancer. Dans : Primary liver cancer. Z.-Y. Tang, M.-C. Wu et S.-S. Xia (eds.). Springer-Verlag, New York, NY. pp. 30-37 (1989).
  78. Junshi, C. Diet, life-style et mortality in China. A study of the characteristics of 65 Chinese counties. T.C. Campbell, L. Junyao et R. Peto (eds.). Oxford University Press, Cornell University Press, People's Medical Publishing House (1990), cité au renvoi 6.
  79. Ueno, Y., Nagata, S., Tsutsumi, T., Hasegawa, A., Watanabe, M.F., Park, H.-D., Chen, G.-C., Chen, G. et Yu, S.-Z. Detection of microcystins, a blue-green algal hepatotoxin, in drinking water sampled in Haimen and Fusui, endemic areas of primary liver cancer in China, by highly sensitive immunoassay. Carcinogenesis, 17(6): 1317-1321 (1996).
  80. Nagata, S., Tsutsumi, T., Hasegawa, A., Watanabe, M.F. et Ueno, Y. Determination of microcystin in environmental water by highly sensitive immunoassay. Jpn. J. Toxicol. Environ. Health, 41: 10 (1995).
  81. Pilotto, L.S., Kliewer, E.V., Davies, R.D., Burch, M.D. et Attewell, R.G. Cyanobacterial (blue-green algae) contamination in drinking water and perinatal outcomes. Aust. N. Z. J. Public Health, 23:154-158 (1999).
  82. Falconer, I.R., Buckley, T. et Runnegar, M.T.C. Biological half-life, organ distribution et excretion of 125I-labelled toxic peptide from the blue-green alga Microcystis aeruginosa. Aust. J. Biol. Sci., 39: 17-21 (1986).
  83. Brooks, W.P. et Codd, G.A. Distribution of Microcystis aeruginosa peptide toxin and interactions with hepatic microsomes in mice. Pharmacol. Toxicol., 60: 187-191 (1987).
  84. Robinson, N.A., Miura, G.A., Matson, C.F., Dinterman, R.E. et Pace, J.G. Characterization of chemically tritiated microcystin-LR and its distribution in mice. Toxicon, 27(9): 1035-1042 (1989).
  85. Robinson, N.A., Pace, J.G., Matson, C.F., Miura, G.A. et Lawrence, W.B. Tissue distribution, excretion and hepatic biotrans-formation of microcystin-LR in mice. J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther., 256(1): 176-182 (1991).
  86. Meriluoto, J.A.O., Nygård, S.E., Dahlem, A.M. et Eriksson, J.E. Synthesis, organotropism and hepatocellular uptake of two tritium-labeled epimers of dihydromicrocystin-LR, a cyanobacterial peptide toxin analog. Toxicon, 28(12): 1439-1446 (1990).
  87. Nishiwaki, R., Ohta, T., Sueoka, E., Suganuma, M., Harada, K.-I., Watanabe, M.F. et Fujiki, H. Two significant aspects of microcystin-LR: specific binding and liver specificity. Cancer Lett., 83:283-289 (1994).
  88. Runnegar, M.T.C., Gerdes, R.G. et Falconer, I.R. The uptake of the cyanobacterial hepatotoxin microcystin by isolated rat hepatocytes. Toxicon, 29(1): 43-51 (1991).
  89. Falconer, I.R., Dornbusch, M., Moran, G. et Yeung, S.K. Effect of the cyanobacterial (blue-green algal) toxins from Microcystis aeruginosa on isolated enterocytes from the chicken small intestine. Toxicon, 30(7): 790-793 (1992).
  90. Beasley, V.R., Cook, W.O., Dahlem, A.M., Hooser, S.B., Lovell, R.A. et Valentine, W.M. Algae intoxication in livestock and waterfowl. Vet. Clin. N. Am.: Food Anim. Pract., 5(2): 345-361 (1989).
  91. Robinson, N.A., Matson, C.F. et Pace, J.G. Association of microcystin-LR and its biotransformation product with a hepatic-cytosolic protein. J. Biochem. Toxicol., 6(3): 171-180 (1991).
  92. Fujiki, H. et Suganuma, M. Tumor promotion by inhibitors of protein phosphatases 1 and 2A: the okadaic acid class of compounds. Adv. Cancer Res., 61: 143-194 (1993).
  93. Kondo, F., Matsumoto, H., Yamada, S., Ishikawa, N., Ito, E., Nagata, S., Ueno, Y., Suzuki, M. et Harada, K.-I. Detection and identification of metabolites of microcystins formed in vivo in mouse et rat livers. Chem. Res. Toxicol., 9: 1355-1359 (1996).
  94. Fawell, J.K., James, C.P. et James, H.A. Toxins from blue-green algae: toxicological assessment of microcystin-LR and a method for its determination in water. Rapport No. FR 0359/2/DoE 3358/2, Water Research Centre, Medmenham, UK. 46 pp. (1994).
  95. Fawell, J.K., Mitchell, R.E., Everett, D.J. et Hill, R.E. The toxicity of cyanobacterial toxins in the mouse: I microcystin-LR. Hum. Exp. Toxicol., 18(3): 162-167 (1999).
  96. Falconer, I.R. Tumor promotion and liver injury caused by oral consumption of cyanobacteria. Environ. Toxicol. Water Qual., 6: 177-184 (1991).
  97. Yoshida, T., Makita, Y., Nagata, S., Tsutsumi, T., Yoshida, F., Sekijima, M., Tamura, S.-I. et Ueno, Y. Acute oral toxicity of microcystin-LR, a cyanobacterial hepatotoxin, in mice. Nat. Toxins, 5: 91-95 (1997).
  98. Kotak, B.G., Hrudey, S.E., Kenefick, S.L. et Prepas, E.E. Toxicity of cyanobacterial blooms in Alberta lakes. Can. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci. Tech. Rep. 1942. pp. 172-179 (1993).
  99. Rinehart, K.L., Namikoshi, M. et Choi, B.W. Structure et biosynthesis of toxins from blue-green algae (cyanobacteria). J. Appl. Phycol., 6: 159-176 (1994).
  100. Hooser, S.B., Beasley, V.R., Basgall, E.J., Carmichael, W.W. et Haschek, W.M. Microcystin-LR-induced ultrastructural changes in rats. Vet. Pathol., 27: 9-15 (1990).
  101. Falconer, I.R., Smith, J.V., Jackson, A.R., Jones, A. et Runnegar, M.T. Oral toxicity of a bloom of the cyanobacterium Microcystis aeruginosa administered to mice over periods up to 1 year. J. Toxicol. Environ. Health, 24: 291-305 (1988).
  102. Ito, E., Kondo, F. et Harada, K.-I. Hepatic necrosis in aged mice by oral administration of microcystin-LR. Toxicon, 35(2): 231-239 (1997).
  103. Heinze, R. Toxicity of the cyanobacterial toxin microcystin-LR to rats after 28 days intake with the drinking water. Environ. Toxicol., 14(1): 57-60 (1999).
  104. Fitzgeorge, R.B., Clark, S.A. et Keevil, C.W. Routes of intoxication. Dans : Proceedings of the 1st international symposium on detection methods for cyanobacterial (blue-green algal) toxins. G.A. Codd, T.M. Jeffries, C.W. Keevil et E. Potter (éds.). Royal Society of Chemistry, Cambridge, UK. pp. 69-74 (1994).
  105. Falconer, I.R., Burch, M.D., Steffensen, D.A., Choice, M. et Coverdale, O.R. Toxicity of the blue-green alga (cyanobacterium) Microcystis aeruginosa in drinking water to growing pigs, as an animal model for human injury and risk assessment. Environ. Toxicol. Water Qual.: Int. J., 9: 131-139 (1994).
  106. Thiel, P. The South African contribution to studies on the toxic cyanobacteria et their toxins. Dans : Toxic cyanobacteria: current status of research and management. Proceedings of an international workshop, Adelaide, Australie, March 22-26, 1994. D.A. Steffensen et B.C. Nicholson (éds.). Australien Centre for Water Quality Research, Salisbury, Australie. pp. 23-27 (1994).
  107. Ueno, Y., Makita, Y., Nagata, S., Tsutsumi, T., Yoshida, F., Tamura, S.-L., Sekijima, M., Tashiro, F., Harada, T. et Yoshida, T. No chronic oral toxicity of a low dose of microcystin-LR, a cyanobacterial hepatotoxin, in female BALB-c mice. Environ. Toxicol., 14(1): 45-55 (1999).
  108. Matsushima, R., Yoshizawa, S., Watanabe, M.F., Harada, K.-I., Furusawa, M., Carmichael, W.W. et Fujiki, H. In vitro et in vivo effects of protein phosphatase inhibitors, microcystins and nodularin, on mouse skin et fibroblasts. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun., 171(2): 867-874 (1990).
  109. Nishiwaki-Matsushima, R., Ohta, T., Nishiwaki, S., Suganuma, M., Kohyama, K., Ishikawa, T., Carmichael, W.W. et Fujiki, H. Liver tumor promotion by the cyanobacterial cyclic peptide toxin microcystin LR. J. Cancer Res. Clin. Oncol., 118: 420-424 (1992).
  110. Ito, E., Kondo, F., Terao, K. et Harada, K.-I. Neoplastic nodular formation in mouse liver induced by repeated intraperitoneal injections of microcystin-LR. Toxicon, 35(9): 1453-1457 (1997).
  111. Falconer, I.R. et Humpage, A.R. Tumour promotion by cyanobacterial toxins. Phycologia, 35 (Suppl. 6): 74-79 (1996).
  112. Honkanen, R.E., Zwiller, J., Moore, R.E., Daily, S.L., Khatra, B.S., Dukelow, M. et Boynton, A.L. Characterization of microcystin-LR, a potent inhibitor of type 1 et type 2a protein phosphatases. J. Biol. Chem., 265(32): 19401-19404 (1990).
  113. MacKintosh, C., Beattie, K.A., Klumpp, S., Cohen, P. et Codd, G.A. Cyanobacterial microcystin-LR is a potent and specific inhibitor of protein phosphatases 1 and 2A from both mammals and higher plants. FEBS Lett., 264(2): 187-192 (1990).
  114. Runnegar, M.T., Kong, S. et Berndt, N. Protein phosphatase inhibition and in vivo hepatotoxicity of microcystins. Am. J. Physiol., 265: G224-G230 (1993).
  115. Hooser, S.B., Beasley, V.R., Waite, L.L., Kuhlenschmidt, M.S., Carmichael, W.W. et Haschek, W.M. Actin filament alterations in rat hepatocytes induced in vivo andin vitro by microcystin-LR, a hepatotoxin from the blue-green alga, Microcystis aeruginosa. Vet. Pathol., 28: 259-266 (1991).
  116. Lin, J.-R. et Chu, F.S. In vitro neutralization of the inhibitory effect of microcystin-LR to protein phosphatase 2A by antibody against the toxin. Toxicon, 32(5): 605-613 (1994).
  117. Repavich, W.M., Sonzogni, W.C., Stetridge, J.H., Wedepohl, R.E. et Meisner, L.F. Cyanobacteria (blue-green algae) in Wisconsin waters: acute et chronic toxicity. Water Res., 24(2): 225-231 (1990).
  118. Ding, W.X., Shen, H.M., Zhu, H.G., Lee, B.L. et Ong, C.N. Genotoxicity of microcystic cyanobacteria extract of a water source in China. Mutat. Res., 442(2): 69-77 (1999).