Guidelines for Canadian Drinking Water Quality: Guideline Technical Document - Haloacetic Acids

Prepared by the Federal-Provincial-Territorial Committee on Drinking Water of the Federal-Provincial-Territorial Committee on Health and the Environment

July 2008
ISBN: 978-1-100-10508-6
Cat. No.: H128-1/08-548E
HC Pub.: 4192

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Table of Contents

Part I. Overview and Application

• 1.0 Guideline
• 2.0 Executive summary
  • 2.1 Health effects
  • 2.2 Exposure
  • 2.3 Treatment
• 3.0 Application of the guideline
  • 3.1 Monitoring

Part II. Science and Technical Considerations

• 4.0 Identity, use and sources in the environment
  • 4.1 Environmental fate
• 5.0 Exposure
  • 5.1 Water
    • 5.1.1 Analysis of HAA5 data
      • 5.1.1.1 Communities with >5000 persons
      • 5.1.1.2 Communities with <5000 persons
  • 5.2 Air
  • 5.3 Food
  • 5.4 Contribution of drinking water to total exposure
• 6.0 Analytical methods
• 7.0 Treatment technology
  • 7.1 Municipal scale
    • 7.1.1 Removal of precursors prior to municipal disinfection
    • 7.1.2 Alternative municipal disinfection strategies
    • 7.1.3 Removal of HAAs after formation
  • 7.2 Residential scale
• 8.0 Kinetics and metabolism
  • 8.1 Absorption
    • 8.1.1 Monochloroacetic acid
    • 8.1.2 Dichloroacetic acid
    • 8.1.3 Trichloroacetic acid
    • 8.1.4 Monobromoacetic acid
    • 8.1.5 Dibromoacetic acid
  • 8.2 Metabolism
    • 8.2.1 Monochloroacetic acid
    • 8.2.2 Dichloroacetic acid
    • 8.2.3 Trichloroacetic acid
    • 8.2.4 Monobromoacetic acid
    • 8.2.5 Dibromoacetic acid
  • 8.3 Distribution
    • 8.3.1 Monochloroacetic acid
    • 8.3.2 Dichloroacetic acid
    • 8.3.3 Trichloroacetic acid
    • 8.3.4 Monobromoacetic acid
    • 8.3.5 Dibromoacetic acid
  • 8.4 Excretion
    • 8.4.1 Monochloroacetic acid
    • 8.4.2 Dichloroacetic acid
    • 8.4.3 Trichloroacetic acid
    • 8.4.4 Monobromoacetic acid
    • 8.4.5 Dibromoacetic acid
• 9.0 Health effects in humans
  • 9.1 Monochloroacetic acid
  • 9.2 Dichloroacetic acid
  • 9.3 Trichloroacetic acid
  • 9.4 Monobromoacetic acid
  • 9.5 Dibromoacetic acid
• 10.0 Health effects in laboratory animals and in vitro test systems
  • 10.1 Acute toxicity
  • 10.2 Short-term exposure
    • 10.2.1 Monochloroacetic acid
    • 10.2.2 Dichloroacetic acid
    • 10.2.3 Trichloroacetic acid
    • 10.2.4 Monobromoacetic acid
    • 10.2.5 Dibromoacetic acid
  • 10.3 Long-term exposure and carcinogenicity
    • 10.3.1 Monochloroacetic acid
    • 10.3.2 Dichloroacetic acid
      • 10.3.2.1 Mechanisms of carcinogenicity
        • 10.3.2.1.1 Genotoxicity
        • 10.3.2.1.2 Peroxisomeproliferation
        • 10.3.2.1.3 Down-regulation of insulin
        • 10.3.2.1.4 Tumour promotion, alterations in cell replication and death
        • 10.3.2.1.5 Other mechanisms: hypomethylation
    • 10.3.3 Trichloroacetic acid
    • 10.3.4 Monobromoacetic acid
    • 10.3.5 Dibromoacetic acid
  • 10.4 Mutagenicity and genotoxicity
    • 10.4.1 Monochloroacetic acid
    • 10.4.2 Dichloroacetic acid
    • 10.4.3 Trichloroacetic acid
    • 10.4.4 Monobromoacetic acid
    • 10.4.5 Dibromoacetic acid
  • 10.5 Reproductive and developmental toxicity
    • 10.5.1 Monochloroacetic acid
    • 10.5.2 Dichloroacetic acid
      • 10.5.2.1 Developmental studies
      • 10.5.2.2 Reproductive studies
    • 10.5.3 Trichloroacetic acid
    • 10.5.4 Monobromoacetic acid
    • 10.5.5 Dibromoacetic acid
• 11.0 Classification and assessment
  • 11.1 Monochloroacetic acid
  • 11.2 Dichloroacetic acid
  • 11.3 Trichloroacetic acid
  • 11.4 Monobromoacetic acid
  • 11.5 Dibromoacetic acid
  • 11.6 International considerations
• 12.0 Rationale / * Errata
• 13.0 References
• Appendix A: List of acronyms