Les protozoaires : la Giardia et le Cryptosporidium

Certains de ces hyperliens donnent accès à des sites d'un organisme qui n'est pas assujetti à la  Loi sur les langues officielles. L'information qui s'y trouve est donc dans la langue du site.

11.0 Bibliographie

1. Adam, R.D. (1991) The biology of Giardia spp. Microbiol. Rev., 55 : 706-732.
   
   
2. Adam, R.D. (2001) Biology of Giardia lamblia. Clin. M icrobiol. Rev., 14(3) : 447-475.
   
   
3. Aldom, J.E. et Chagla, A.H . (1995) Recovery of Cryptosporidium oocysts from water by a membrane filtration dissolution method. Lett. Appl. Microbiol., 20(3) : 186-187.
   
   
4. Alpert, G.L., Bell, M., Kirkpatrick, C.E., Budinick, L.D., Campos, J.M., Friedman, H.M. et Plotkin, S.A. (1986) Outbreak of cryptosporidiosis in a day care center. Pediatrics, 77 : 152-157.
   
   
5. Anderson, B.C. (1982) Cryptosporidiosis: a review. J. Am. Vet. Med. Assoc., 180 : 1455-1457.
   
   
6. Anderson, B.C., Donndelinger, T., Wilkins, R.M. et Smith, J. (1982) Cryptosporidiosis in a veterinary student. J. Am. Vet. Med. Assoc., 180 : 408-409.
   
   
7. APHA (1995) Standard methods for the examination of water and wastewater. 19^e éd. American Public H ealth Association, Washington, DC.
   
   
8. Aramini, J.J., Stephen, C., Dubey, J.P., Engelstoft, C., Schwantje, H. et Ribble, C.S. (1999) Potential contamination of drinking water with Toxoplasma gondii oocysts.Epidemiol. Infect., 122(2) : 305-315.
   
   
9. Awad-El-Kariem, F.M. (1999) Does Cryptosporidium parvum have a clonal population structure? Parasitol. Today, 15(12) : 502-504.
   
   
10. AWWA (1988) Roundtable: Cryptosporidium. J. Am. Water Works Assoc., 80 : 14-28.
    
    
11. Barthe, C. et Brassard, N. (1994) Données non publiées. Ministère de l'Environnement et de la Faune du Québec.
    
    
12. Baxby, D. et Hart, C.A. (1986) The incidence of cryptosporidiosis: a two year prospective survey in a children's hospital. J. Hyg., 96 : 107-111.
    
    
13. Bell, A., Guasparini, R., Meeds, D., Mathias, R.G. et Farley, J.D. (1993) A swimming pool associated outbreak of cryptosporidiosis in British Columbia. Rev. Can. Santé Publique, 84 : 334-337.
    
    
14. Belosevic, M. et Faubert, G.M. (1983) Giardia muris: correlation between oral dosage, course of infection, and trophozoite distribution in the mouse small intestine. Exp. Parasitol., 56 : 352-365.
    
    
15. Belosevic, M., Faubert, G.M., Guy, R., MacLean, J.D., Law, C. et Croll, N.A. (1983) Giardia lamblia infections in Mongolian gerbils: an animal model.J. Infect. Dis., 147 : 222-226.
    
    
16. Belosevic, M., Guy, R.A., Taghi-Kilani, R., Neumann, N.F., Gyurek, L.L., Liyanage, L.R., Millard, P.J. et Finch, G.R. (1997) Nucleic acid stains as indicators of Cryptosporidium parvum oocyst viability. Int. J. Parasitol., 27(7) : 787-798.
    
    
17. Belosevic, M., Craik, S.A., Stafford, J.L., Neumann, N.F., Kruithof, J. et Smith, D.W. (2001) Studies on the resistance/reactivation of Giardia muris cysts and Cryptosporidium parvum oocysts exposed to medium-pressure ultraviolet radiation.FEMS Microbiol. Lett., 204(1) : 197-203.
    
    
18. Bennett, J.W., Gauci, M.R., Le Moenic, S., Schaefer III, F.W. et Lindquist, H.D. (1999) A comparison of enumeration techniques for Cryptosporidium parvum oocysts. J. Parasitol., 85(6) : 1165-1168.
    
    
19. Bingham, A.K., Jarroll, E.L., Jr. et Meyer, E.A. (1979) Giardia sp.: physical factors of excystation in vitro, and excystation vs. eosin exclusion as determinants of viability. Exp. Parasitol., 47 : 284-291.
    
    
20. Black, E.K., Finch, G.R., Taghi-Kilani, R. et Belosevic, M. (1996) Comparison of assays for Cryptosporidium parvum oocysts viability after chemical disinfection.FEMS Microbiol. Lett., 135 : 187-189.
    
    Haut de la page
    
    
    
21. Blewett, D.A., Wright, S.E., Casemore, D.P., Booth, N.E. et Jones, C.E. (1993) Infective dose size studies on Cryptosporidium parvum using gnotobiotic lambs. Water Sci. Technol., 27 : 61-64.
    
    
22. Bowie, W.R., King, A.S., Werker, D.H., Isaac-Renton, J.L., Bell, A., Eng, S.B. et Marion, S.A. (1997) Outbreak of toxoplasmosis asso ciated with municipal drinking water. The BC Toxoplasma Investigation Team. Lancet, 350(9072) : 173-177.
    
    
23. Buck, S.L., Rosenthal, R.A. et Schlech, B.A. (2000) Methods used to evaluate the effectiveness of contact lens care solutions and other compounds against Acanthamoeba: a review of the literature.CLAO J., 26(2) : 72-84.
    
    
24. Bukhari, Z. et Smith, H.V. (1995) Effect of three concentration techniques on viability of Cryptosporidium parvum oocysts recovered from bovine feces. J. Clin. Microbiol., 33 : 2592-2595.
    
    
25. Bukhari, Z., McCuin, R.M., Fricker, C.R. et Clancy, J.L. (1998) Immunomagnetic separation of Cryptosporidium parvum from source water samples of various turbidities. Appl. Environ. Microbiol., 64(11) : 4495-4499.
    
    
26. Bukhari, Z., Hargy, T.M ., Bolton, J.R., Dussert, B. et Clancy, J.L. (1999) Medium-pressure UV for oocyst inactivation. J. Am. Water Works Assoc., 91(3) : 86-94.
    
    
27. Bukhari, Z., Marshall, M.M., Korich, D.G., Fricker, C.R., Smith, H.V., Rosen, J. et Clancy, J.L. (2000) Comparison of Cryptosporidium parvum viability and infectivity assays following ozone treatment of oocysts. Appl. Environ. Microbiol., 66(7) : 2972-2980.
    
    
28. Byrd, L.G., Conrad, J.T. et Nash, T.E. (1994) Giardia lamblia infections in adult mice. Infect. Immunol., 62 : 3583-3585.
    
    
29. Caccio, S., Homan, W., Camilli, R., Traldi, G., K ortbeek, T . et Pozio, E. (2000) A microsatellite marker reveals population heterogeneity within human and animal genotypes of Cryptosporidium parvum. Parasitology, 120(Pt. 3) : 237-244.
    
    
30. Campbell, A.T. et Wallis, P. (2002) The effect of UV irradiation on human-derived Giardia lamblia cysts. Water Res., 36(4) : 963-969.
    
    
31. Campbell, A.T., Robertson, L.J. et Sm ith, H.V . (1992) Viability of Cryptosporidium parvum oocysts: Correlation of in vitro excystation with inclusion or exclusion of fluorogenic vital dyes. Appl. Environ. Microbiol., 58 : 3488-3493.
    
    
32. Campbell, A.T., Robertson, L.J., Snowball, M.R. et Sm ith, H.V . (199 5) Inactivation of oocysts of Cryptosporidium parvum by ultraviolet irradiation. WaterRes., 29 : 2583-2586.
    
    
33. Caprioli, A., Gentile, G., Baldassari, L., Bisicchia, R., Romoli, E. et Donelli, G. (1989) Cryptosporidium as a common cause of childhood diarrhoea in Italy. Epidemiol. Infect., 102 : 537-540.
    
    
34. Chalmers, R.M., Elwin, K., Reilly, W.J., Irvine, H., Thomas, A.L. et Hunter, P.R. (2002) Cryptosporidium in farmed animals: the detection of a novel isolate in sheep. Int. J. Parasitol., 32 : 21-26.
    
    
35. Chauret, C., Armstrong, N., Fisher, J., Sharma, R., Springthorpe, S. et Sattar, S. (1995) Correlating Cryptosporidium and Giardia with microbial indicators. J. Am. Water WorksAssoc., 87 : 76-84.
    
    
36. Clancy Environmental Consultants, Inc. (1996) Performance evaluation of Canadian laboratories - recovery and enumeration of Giardia cysts and Cryptosporidium oocysts from water samples. A report submitted to Health Canada by Clancy Environmental Consultants, Inc., St. Albans, VT.
    
    
37. Clancy, J.L., Gollnitz, W.D. et Tabib, Z. (1994) Commercial labs: how accurate are they? J. Am. Water Works Assoc., 86 : 89-97.
    
    
38. Clancy, J.L., Hargy, T.M., Marshall, M.M. et Dyksen, J.E. (1998) UV light inactivation of Cryptosporidium oocysts. J. Am. Water Works Assoc., 90(9) : 92-102.
    
    
39. Craik, S.A., Finch, G.R., Bolton, J.R. et B elosevic, M. (200 0) Inactivation of Giardia muris cysts using mediumpressure radiation in filtered drinking water. WaterRes., 34(18) : 4325-4332.
    
    
40. Craik, S.A., W eldon, D., Finch, G.R., Bolton, J.R. et B elosevic, M. (200 1) Inactivation of Cryptosporidium parvum oocysts using medium- and low-pressure ultraviolet radiation. WaterRes., 35(6) : 1387-1398.
    
    Haut de la page
    
    
    
41. Craun, G.F. (1979) Waterborne outbreaks of giardiasis. Dans : Waterborne transmission of giardiasis. Sous la direction de W. Jakubowski et J.C. Hoff. EPA 600/9-79-001, EPA des États-Unis, Cincinnati, OH. p. 127-149.
    
    
42. Craun, G.F., Hubbs, S.A., Frost, F., Calderon, R.L. et Via, S.H. (1998) Waterborne outbreaks of cryptosporidiosis. J. Am. Water Works Assoc., 90 : 81-91.
    
    
43. Crockett, C.S. et Haas, C.N. (1997) Understanding protozoa in your watershed. J. Am. Water Works Assoc., 89 : 62-73.
    
    
44. Current, W. (1986) Cryptosporidiosis. J. Am. Vet. Med. Assoc., 187 : 1334-1338.
    
    
45. D'Antonio, R.G., Winn, R.E., Taylor, J.P., Gustafson, T.L., Current, W.L., Rhodes, M.M., Gary, G.W. et Zajac, R.A. (1985) A waterborne outbreak of cryptosporidiosis in normal hosts. Ann. Int. Med., 103(6, Pt. 1) : 886-888.
    
    
46. Davies, R.B . et Hibler, C.P. (1979) Animal reservoirs and cross-sp ecies transmission of Giardia. Dans : Waterborne transmission of giardiasis. Sous la direction de W . Jakubowski et J.C. Hoff. EPA 600/9-79-001, EPA des États-Unis, Cincinnati, OH. p. 104-126.
    
    
47. Deere, D., Vesey, G., M ilner, M ., Williams, K., Ashbolt, N. et Veal, D. (1998) Rapid method for fluorescent in situ ribosomal RNA labelling of Cryptosporidium parvum . J. Appl. Microbiol., 85(5) : 807-818.
    
    
48. Delaunay, A., Gargala, G., Li, X., Favennec, L. et Ballet, J.J. (2000) Quantitative flow cytometric evaluation of maximal Cryptosporidium parvum oocyst infectivity in a neonate mouse model. Appl. Environ. Microbiol., 66(10) : 4315-4317.
    
    
49. Deng, M.Q., Cliver, D.O. et M ariam, T.W . (1997) Immunomagnetic capture PCR to detect viable Cryptosporidium parvum oocysts from environmental samples. Appl. Environ. Microbiol., 63(8) : 3134-3138.
    
    
50. Deng, M.Q., Lam, K.M. et Cliver, D.O. (2000) Immunomagnetic sep aration of Cryptosporidium parvum oocysts using MACS MicroB eads and high gradient separation columns. J. Microbiol. Meth., 40(1) : 11-17.
    
    
51. denHollander, N., Riley, D. et Befus, D. (1988) Immunology of giardiasis. Parasitol. Today, 4 : 124-131.
    
    
52. deRegnier, D.P., Cole, L., Schupp, D.G. et Erlandsen, S.L. (1989) Viability of Giardia cysts suspended in lake, river, and tap water. Appl. Environ. Microbiol., 55 : 1223-1229.
    
    
53. De Roubin, M.R., Pharamond, J.S., Zanelli, F., Poty, F., Houdart, S., Laurent, F., Drocourt, J.L. et Van Poucke, S. (2002) Application of laser scanning cytometry followed by epifluorescent and differential interference contrast microscopy for the detection and enumeration of Cryptosporidium and Giardia in raw and potable waters. J. Appl. Microbiol., 93(4) : 599-607.
    
    
54. Diamond, L.P., Harlow, D.R. et Cunnick, C.C. (1978) A new medium for the axenic cultivation of Entamoeba histolytica and other Entamoeba. Trans. R. Soc. Trop. Med. Hyg., 72 : 431-432.
    
    
55. Di Giovanni, G.D., Hashemi, F.H., Shaw, N.J., Abrams, F.A., LeChevallier, M.W. et Abbaszadegan, M. (1999) Detection of infectious Cryptosporidium parvum oocysts in surface and filter backwash water samples by immunomagnetic separation and integrated cell culture-PCR. Appl. Environ. Microbiol., 65(8) : 3427-3432.
    
    
56. Dorsch, M.R. et Veal, D.A. (2001) Oligonucleotide probes for specific detection of Giardia lamblia cysts by fluorescent in situ hybridization. J. Appl. Microbiol., 90(5) : 836-842.
    
    
57. Drescher, A.C., Greene, D.M. et Gadgil, A.J. (2001) Cryptosporidium inactivation by low-pressure UV in a water disinfection device. J. Environ. Health, 64(3) : 31-35.
    
    
58. Dubey, J.P. (1998) Toxoplasma gondii oocyst survival under defined temperatures. J. Parasitol., 84(4) : 862-865.
    
    
59. DuPont, H.L., Chappell, C.L., Sterling, C.R., Okhuysen, P.C., Rose, J.B. et Jakubowski, W. (1995) The infectivity of Cryptosporidium parvum in healthy volunteers. N. Engl. J. Med., 332 : 855-859.
    
    
60. EPA des États-Unis (1989) National primary drinking water regulations: filtration, disinfection, turbidity, Giardia lamblia, viruses, Legionella, and heterotrophic bacteria; final rule. Fed. Regist., 54(124): 27485-27541.
    
    Haut de la page
    
    
    
61. EPA des États-Unis (1991) Guidance manual for compliance with filtration and disinfection requirements for public water systems using surface water sources. EPA des États-Unis, Washington, DC.
    
    
62. EPA des États-Unis (1998) National primary drinking water regulations: interim enhanced surface water treatment; final rule. EPA des États-Unis. Fed. Regist., 63(241) : 69477-69521.
    
    
63. EPA des États-Unis (2001) Method 1623: Cryptosporidium and Giardia in water by filtration/IMS/FA. EPA 821-R-01-025, Office of W ater, Office of Science and Technology, Engineering and Analysis Division, EPA des États-Unis, Washington, DC.
    
    
64. EPA des États-Unis (2002a) National primary drinking water regulations: Long term 2 enhanced surface water treatment; proposed rule. EPA des États-Unis (http://www.epa.gov/safewater/lt2/index.html).
    
    
65. EPA des États-Unis (2002b) National primary drinking water regulations: Long term 1 enhanced surface water treatment; final rule. EPA des États-Unis. Fed. Regist., 67(9) : 1812-1844.
    
    
66. EPA des États-Unis (2003) Ultraviolet disinfection guidance manual. EPA 815-D-03-007, Office of Water, Office of Science and Technology, Engineering and Analysis Division, EPA des États-Unis, Washington, DC.
    
    
67. Erlandsen, S.L. (1994) Biotic transmission - Is giardiasis a zoonosis? Dans : Giardia from molecules to disease. Sous la direction de R.C.A. Thompson, J.A. Reynoldson et A.J. Lymbery. CAB International, Cambridge (R.-U.). p. 83-97.
    
    
68. Erlandsen, S.L. et Bemrick, W.J. (1988) Waterborne giardiasis: sources of Giardia cysts and evidence pertaining to their implication in human infection. Dans : Advances in Giardia research. Sous la direction de P.M. Wallis et B.R. Hammond. University of Calgary Press, Calgary (Alberta). p. 227-236.
    
    
69. Erlandsen, S.L., Sherlock, L.A., Januschka, M., Schupp, D.G., Schaefer III, F.W., Jakubowski, W. et Bemrick, W.J. (1988) Cross-species transmission of Giardia spp.: inoculation of beavers and muskrats with cysts of human, beaver, mouse and muskrat origin. Appl. Environ. Microbiol., 54 : 2777-2785.
    
    
70. Ernest, J.A., B lagburn, D.L. et Lindsay, D.S. (1987) Infection dynamics of Cryptosporidium parvum (Apicomplexa: Cryptosporidiidae) in neonatal mice (Mus musculus). J. Parasitol., 75 : 796-798.
    
    
71. Farthing, M.J.G. (1989) Giardiasis as a disease. Dans : Giardia from molecules to disease.Sous la direction de R.C.A. Thompson, J.A. Reynoldson et A.J. Lymbery. CAB International, Cambridge (R.-U.). p. 15-37.
    
    
72. Fayer, R., Morgan, U. et Upton, S.J. (2000) Epidemiology of Cryptosporidium: transmission, detection and identification. Int. J. Parasitol., 30(12-13) : 1305-1322.
    
    
73. FDA des États-Unis (2002) FDA approves new treatment for parasitic infections in pediatric patients. FDA Talk Paper T02-51, FDA des États-Unis, Rockville, MD (http://www.fda.gov/bbs/topics/ANSWERS/2002/ANS01178.html).
    
    
74. Ferrari, B.C., Vesey, G., Davis, K.A., Gauci, M. et Veal, D. (2000) A novel two-color flow cytometric assay for the detection of Cryptosporidium in environmental water samples. Cytometry, 41(3) : 216-222.
    
    
75. Filice, F.P. (1952) Studies on the cytology and life history of a Giardia from a laboratory rat. Univ. Calif. Publ. Zool., 57 : 53-146.
    
    
76. Finch, G.R., Black, E.K ., Gyurek, L. et Belosevic, M. (1993a) Ozone inactivation of Cryptosporidium parvum in demand-free phosphate buffer determined by in vitro excystation and animal infectivity. Appl. Environ. Microbiol., 59 : 4203-4210.
    
    
77. Finch, G.R., Daniels, C.W., Black, E.K., Schaefer III, F.W. et Belosevic, M. (1993b) Dose response of Cryptosporidium parvum in outbred neonatal CD-1 mice. Appl. Environ.Microbiol., 59 : 3661-3665.
    
    
78. Finch, G.R., Gyürék, L., Liyanage, L.R.J. et Belosevic, M. (1997) Effect of various disinfection methods on the inactivation of Cryptosporidium. American Water Works Association Research Foundation, Denver, CO. 66 p. Fournier, S., Liguory, O., Sarfati, C., David-Ouaknine, F., Derouin, F., Decazes, J.M. et Molina, J.M. (2000) Disseminated infection due to Encephalitozoon cuniculi in a patient with AIDS: case report and review. HIV M ed., 1(3) : 155-161.
    
    
79. Freire-Santos, F., Oteiza-Lopez, A.M., Vergara-Castiblanco, C.A. et Ares-Mazas, E. (2000) Study of the combined influence of environmental factors on viability of Cryptosporidium parvum oocysts in water evaluated by fluorogenic vital dyes and excystation techniques. Vet. Parasitol., 89(4) : 253-259.
    
    
80. Fricker, C. et Clancy, J. (1998) Crypto's protocol prospects. Water Qual. Int., mai/juin : 11-15.
    
    Haut de la page
    
    
    
81. Gale, P. (1996) Developments in microbiological risk assessment models for drinking water - a short review. J. Appl. Bacteriol., 81 : 430-410.
    
    
82. Goatcher, L. et Fok, N. (2000) Une quasi-catastrophe causée par la Giardia et le Cryptosporidium? Dans : Actes de la 8^e Conférence nationale sur l'eau potable, Québec (Québec), 28-30 octobre, 1998. Association canadienne des eaux potables et usées, Ottawa (O ntario).
    
    
83. Gobet, P. et Toze, S. (2001) Relevance of Cryptosporidium parvum hsp70 mRNA amplification as a tool to discriminate between viable and dead oocysts. J. Parasitol., 87(1) : 226-229.
    
    
84. Gold, D., Stein, B. et Tzipori, S. (2001) The utilization of sodium taurocholate in excystation of Cryptosporidium parvum and infection of tissue culture. J. Parasitol., 87(5) : 997-1000.
    
    
85. Graczyk, T .K., Cranfield, M.R., Fayer, R. et Anderson, M.S. (1996) Viability and infectivity of Cryptosporidium parvum oocysts are retained upon intestinal passage through a refractory avian host. Appl. Environ. Microbiol., 62 : 3234-3237.
    
    
86. Graczyk, T.K., Fayer, R., Trout, J.M., Lewis, E.J., Farley, C.A., Sulaiman, I. et Lal, A.A. (1998) Giardia sp. cysts and infectious Cryptosporidium parvum oocysts in the feces of migratory Canada geese (Branta canadensis). Appl. Environ. Microbiol., 64 : 2736-2738.
    
    
87. Griffin, D.W., Gibson III, C.J., Lipp, E.K., Riley, K., Paul III, J.H. et Rose, J.B. (1999) Detection of viral pathogens by reverse transcriptase PCR and of microbial indicators by standard methods in the canals of the Florida Keys. Appl. Environ. Microbiol., 65(9) : 4118-4125.
    
    
88. Grimason, A.M., Smith, H.V., Parker, J.F.W., Bukhari, Z., Campbell, A.T. et Robertson, L.J. (1994) Application of DAPI and immunofluorescence for enhanced identification of Cryptosporidium spp. oocysts in water samples. Water Res., 28 : 733-736.
    
    
89. Guyot, K., Follet-Dumoulin, A., Lelievre, E., Sarfati, C., Rabodonirina, M., Nevez, G., Cailliez, J.C., Camus, D. et Dei-Cas, E. (2001) Molecular characterization of Cryptosporidium isolates obtained from humans in France. J. Clin. Microbiol., 39 : 3472-3480.
    
    
90. Haas, C.N. (1983) Estimation of risk due to low doses of microorganisms: a comparison of alternative methodologies. Am. J. Epidemiol., 118 : 573-582.
    
    
91. Haas, C.N. et Rose, J.B. (1994) Reconciliation of microbial risk models and outbreak epidemiology: The case of the Milwaukee outbreak. Dans : Proceedings of the Annual American Water Works Association Conference, Denver, CO. p. 517-523.
    
    
92. Haas, C.N. et Rose, J.B. (1995) Developing an action level for Cryptosporidium. J. Am. Water Works Assoc., 87(9) : 81-84.
    
    
93. Haas, C.N ., Crockett, C.S., Rose, J.B., Gerba, G.P. et Fazil, A.M . (1996) Assessing the risks posed by oocysts in drinking water. J. Am. Water Works Assoc., 88(10) : 131-136.
    
    
94. Hallier-Soulier, S. et Guillot, E. (2000) Detection of cryptosporidia and Cryptosporidium parvum oocysts in environmental water samples by immunomagnetic separation-polymerase chain reaction. J. Appl. Microbiol., 89(1) : 5-10.
    
    
95. Havelaar, A.H., De Hollander, A.E., Teunis, P.F., Evers, E.G., Van Kranen, H.J., Versteegh, J.F., Van Koten, J.E. et Slob, W. (2000) Balancing the risks and benefits of drinking water disinfection: disability adjusted life-years on the scale. Environ. Health Perspect., 108(4) : 315-321.
    
    
96. Henke, M. et Seidel, K.M. (1986) Association between Legionella pneumophila and amoebae in water. Isr. J. Med. Sci., 22(9) : 690-695.
    
    
97. Hewlett, E.L., Andrews, J.S., Ruffier, J. et Schaefer III, F.W . (1982) Experimental infection of mongrel dogs with Giardia lamblia cysts and cultured trophozoites. J. Infect. Dis., 145 : 89-93.
    
    
98. Heyworth, M.F. (1988) Immunology of Giardia infections. Dans : Advances in Giardia research. Sous la direction de P.M. Wallis et B.R. Hammond. University of Calgary Press, Calgary (Alberta). p. 45-48.
    
    
99. Hibler, C.P ., Hancock, C.M ., Perger, L.M ., Wegrzyn, J.G. et Swabby, K.D. (1987) Inactivation of Giardia cysts with chlorine at 0.5 to 5.0°C. Technical Research Series, American Water Works Association, Denver, CO. 39 p. Hijjawi, N.S., Meloni, B.P., Morgan, U.M . et Thompson, R.C. (2001) Complete development and long-term maintenance of Cryptosporidium parvum human and cattle genotypes in cell culture. Int. J. Parasitol., 31(10) : 1048-1055.
    
    
100. Hsu, B.M. et Huang, C. (2001) Performances of the immunomagnetic separation method for Cryptosporidium in water under various operation conditions. Biotechnol. Prog., 17(6) : 1114-1118.
     
     Haut de la page
     
     
     
101. Huffman, D.E., Gennaccaro, A., Rose, J.B. et Dussert, B.W. (2002) Low- and medium-pressure UV inactivation of microsporidia Encephalitozoon intestinalis . Water Res., 36(12) : 3161-3164.
     
     
102. Ionas, G., Farrant, K.J., M cLenachan, P.A., Clarke, J.K. et Brown, T.J. (1997) Molecular (PCR) differentiation of G. muris and G. intestinalis - significance to public health. Int. J. Environ. H ealth Res., 7 : 63-69.
     
     
103. Isaac-Renton, J.L., Fogel, D., Stibbs, H.H. et Ongerth, J.E. (1987) Giardia and Cryptosporidium in drinking water. Lancet, i(8539) : 973-974.
     
     
104. Isaac-Renton, J.L., Cordeiro, C., Sarafis, K. et Shahriari, H. (1993) Characterization of Giardia duodenalis isolates from a waterborne outbreak. J. Infect. Dis., 167 : 431-440.
     
     
105. Isaac-Renton, J.L., Lewis, L.F., Ong, C.S.L. et Nulsen, M.F. (1994) A second community outbreak of waterborne giardiasis in Canada and serological investigation of patients. Trans. R. Soc. Trop. Med. Hyg., 88 : 395-399.
     
     
106. Isaac-Renton, J., Moorehead, W. et Ross, A. (1996) Longitudinal studies of Giardia contamination in two community drinking water supplies: Cyst levels, parasite viability and health impact. Appl. Environ. Microbiol., 62 : 47-54.
     
     
107. Isaac-Renton, J., Bowie, W.R., King, A., Irwin, G.S., Ong, C.S., Fung, C.P., Shokeir, M.O. et Dubey, J.P. (1998) Detection of Toxoplasma gondii oocysts in drinking water. Appl. Environ. Microbiol., 64(6) : 2278-2280.
     
     
108. Isaac-Renton, J.L., Bowie, W.R., Fyfe, M., King, A., Khan, M., Lammie, P., McLean, M., Li, A., Ong, C.S.L. et Robertson, W. (2000) Analyse du taux d'anticorps au Cryptosporidium sur le plan de la collectivité. Dans : Actes de la 8^e Conférence nationale sur l'eau potable, Québec (Québec), octobre 1998. Association canadienne des eaux potables et usées, Ottawa (Ontario).
     
     
109. Iseki, M ., Maekawa, T., Moriya, K., Uni, S. et Takada, S. (1989) Infectivity of Cryptosporidium muris strain RN 66 in various laboratory animals. Parasitol. Res., 75(3) : 218.
     
     
110. Iturriaga, R., Zhang, S., Sonek, G.J. et Stibbs, H. (2001) Detection of respiratory enzyme activity in Giardia cysts and Cryptosporidium oocysts using redox dyes and immunofluorescence techniques. J. Microbiol. Meth., 46(1) : 19-28.
     
     
111. Jacangelo, J.G., Adham, S.A. et Laîné, J.M. (1995) Mechanism of Cryptosporidium, Giardia, and MS2 virus removal by microfiltration and ultrafiltration. J. Am. Water Works Assoc., 87(9) : 107-121.
     
     
112. Jakubowski, W. (1994) Communication personnelle. EPA des États-Unis, Cincinnati, OH.
     
     
113. Jakubowski, W. et Ericksen, T.H. (1978) Methods for detection of Giardia cysts in water supplies. Dans : Waterborne transmission of giardiasis. Sous la direction de W. Jakubowski et J.C. Hoff. EPA 600/9-79-001, EPA des États-Unis, Cincinnati, OH. p. 193-210.
     
     
114. Janoff, E.N. et Reller, L.B. (1987) Cryptosporidium species, a protean protozoan. J. Clin. Microbiol., 25 : 967-975.
     
     
115. Jenkins, M.B., Anguish, L.J., Bowman, D.D ., Walker, M .J. et Ghiorse, W.C. (1997) Assessment of a dye permeability assay for determination of inactivation rates of Cryptosporidium parvum oocysts. Appl. Environ. Microbiol., 63 : 3844-3850.
     
     
116. Juranek, D.D. (1995) Cryptosporidiosis: sources of infection and guidelines for prevention. Clin. Infect. D is., 21(Suppl.) : S57-S61.
     
     
117. Karami, A.A., Vickers, J.C. et Harasick, R.F. (1999) Microfiltration goes Hollywood: the Los Angeles experience. J. Am. Water Works Assoc., 91(6) : 90-114.
     
     
118. Karanis, P., Maier, W .A., Seitz, H.M . et Schoenen, D. (1992) UV sensitivity of protozoan parasites. J. W ater Supply Res. Technol. - Aqua, 41(2 ) : 95-100.
     
     
119. Karasudani, T., Aoki, S., Takeuchi, J., Okuyama, M., Oseto, M., Matsuura, S., Asai, T. et Inouye, H. (2001) Sensitive detection of Cryptosporidium oocysts in environmental water samples by reverse transcription-PCR. Jpn. J. Infect. D is., 54(3 ) : 122-124.
     
     
120. Karlin, R.J. et Hopkins, R.S. (1983) Engineering defects associated with Colorado giardiasis outbreaks, June 1980 - June 1982. Dans : Giardia lamblia in water supplies. Technical Research Series, American Water Works Association, Denver, CO. p. 93-96.
     
     Haut de la page
     
     
     
121. Katsumata, T., Hosea, D., Ranuh, I.G., U ga, S., Yanagi, T. et Kohno, S. (2000) Short report: possible Cryptosporidium muris infection in humans. Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg., 62 : 70-72.
     
     
122. Kaucner, C. et Stinear, T. (1998) Sensitive and rapid detection of viable Giardia cysts and Cryptosporidium parvum oocysts in large-volume water samples with wound fiberglass cartridge filters and reverse transcription-PCR. Appl. Environ. M icrobiol., 64(5) : 1743-1749.
     
     
123. Keystone, J.S., Krajden, S. et Warren, M.R. (1978) Person-to-person transmission of Giardia lamblia in day-care nurseries. J. Assoc. méd. can., 119 : 241-248.
     
     
124. King, C.H., Shotts, E.B., Jr., Wooley, R.E. et Porter, K.G. (1988) Survival of coliforms and bacterial pathogens within protozoa during chlorination. Appl. Environ. Microbiol., 54(12) : 3023-3033.
     
     
125. Kirner, J.C., Littler, J.D. et Angelo, L.A. (1978) A waterborne outbreak of giardiasis in Camas, Washington. J. Am. Water Works Assoc., 70 : 35-40.
     
     
126. Korich, D.G., Marshall, M.M., Smith, H.V., O'Grady, J., Bukhari, Z., Fricker, C.R., Rosen, J.P. et Clancy, J.L. (2000) Inter-laboratory comparison of the CD-1 neonatal mouse logistic dose-response model for Cryptosporidium parvum oocysts. J. Eukaryot. Microbiol., 47(3) : 294-298.
     
     
127. Kostrzynska, M., Sankey, M., Haack, E., Power, C., Aldom, J.E., Chagla, A.H., Unger, S., Palmateer, G ., Lee, H ., Trevors, J.T. et De Grandis, S.A. (1999) Three sample preparation protocols for polymerase chain reaction based detection of Cryptosporidium parvum in environmental samples. J. Microbiol. Meth., 35(1) : 65-71.
     
     
128. Kuhls, T.L., Moser, D.A., Crawford, D.L. et Griffis, G. (1994) Seroprevalence of cryptosporidial antibodies during infancy, childhood, and adolescence. Clin. Infect. Dis., 18 : 731-735.
     
     
129. LeChevallier, M.W. et Norton, W.D. (1992) Examining relationships between particle counts and Giardia, Cryptosporidium, and turbidity. J. Am. Water Works Assoc., 84 : 54-60.
     
     
130. LeChevallier, M.W., Norton, W .D. et Lee, R.G. (1991a) Occurrence of Giardia and Cryptosporidium spp. in surface water supplies. Appl. Environ. Microbiol., 57 : 2610-2616.
     
     
131. LeChevallier, M.W., Norton, W .D. et Lee, R.G. (1991b) Occurrence of Giardia and Cryptosporidium spp. in filtered drinking water supplies. Appl. Environ. Microbiol., 57 : 2617-2621.
     
     
132. LeChevallier, M.W., Norton, W.D., Siegel, J.E. et Abbaszadegan, M. (1995) Evaluation of the immunofluorescence procedure for detection of Giardia cysts and Cryptosporidium oocysts in water. Appl. Environ. Microbiol., 61 : 690-697.
     
     
133. Lengerich, E.J., Addiss, D.G. et Juranek, D.D. (1994) Severe giardiasis in the United States. Clin. Infect. Dis., 18 : 760-763.
     
     
134. Lin, S.D. (1985) Giardia lamblia and water supply. J. Am. Water Works Assoc., 77 : 40-47.
     
     
135. Linden, K.G., Shin, G. et Sobsey, M.D. (2001) Comparative effectiveness of UV wavelengths for the inactivation of Cryptosporidium parvum oocysts in water. Water Sci. Technol., 43(12) : 171-174.
     
     
136. Linden, K.G., Shin, G.A., Faubert, G., Cairns, W. et Sobsey, M.D. (2002) UV disinfection of Giardia lamblia cysts in water. Environ. Sci. Technol., 36(11) : 2519-2522.
     
     
137. Lindquist, H.D., Ware, M., Stetler, R.E., Wymer, L. et Schaefer III, F.W. ( 2001) A comparison of four fluorescent antibody-based methods for purifying, detecting, and confirming Cryptosporidium parvum in surface waters. J. Parasitol., 87(5) : 1124-1131.
     
     
138. Lippy, E.C. (1981) Waterborne disease: occurrence is on the upswing. J. Am. Water Works Assoc., 73 : 57-62.
     
     
139. Lopez, C.E., Dykes, A.C., Juranek, D.D., Sinclair, S.P., Conn, J.M., Christie, R.W., Lippy, E.C., Schultz, M.G., et Mires, M .H. (1980) Waterborne giardiasis : a community-wide outbreak of disease and a high rate of asymptomatic infection. Am. J. Epidemiol., 112 : 495-507.
     
     
140. Lorenzo-Lorenzo, M.J., Ares-Mazas, M.E., Villacorta-Martinez de Maturana, I. et Duran-Oreiro, D. (1993) Effect of ultraviolet disinfection of drinking water on the viability of Cryptosporidium parvum oocysts. J. Parasitol., 79(1) : 67-70.
     
     Haut de la page
     
     
     
141. Lowery, C.J., Moore, J.E., Millar, B.C., Burke, D.P., McCorry, K.A., Crothers, E. et Dooley, J.S. (2000) Detection and speciation of Cryptosporidium spp. in environmental water samples by immunomagnetic separation, PCR and endonuclease restriction. J. Med. Microbiol., 49(9) : 779-785.
     
     
142. Lowery, C.J., Nugent, P., Moore, J.E., Millar, B.C., Xiru, X. et Dooley, J.S. (2001a) PCR-IMS detection and molecular typing of Cryptosporidium parvum recovered from a recreational river source and an associated mussel (Mytilus edulis) bed in Northern Ireland. Epidemiol. Infect., 127(3) : 545-553.
     
     
143. Lowery, C.J., Moore, J.E., Millar, B.C., McCorry, K.A., Xu, J., Rooney, P.J. et Dooley, J.S. (2001b) Occurrence and molecular genotyping of Cryptosporidium spp. in surface waters in Northern Ireland. J. Appl. Microbiol., 91(5) : 774-779.
     
     
144. Lymbery, A.J. et Tibayrenc, M. (1994) Discussants' report: Population genetics and systematics: how many species of Giardia are there? Dans : Giardia from molecules to disease. Sous la direction de R.C.A. Thompson, J.A. Reynoldson et A.J. Lymbery. CAB International, Cambridge (R.-U.). p. 71-79.
     
     
145. Ma, P., Kaufman, D.L., Helmick, C.G., D'Souza, A.J. et Navin, T.R. (1985) Cryptosporidiosis in tourists returning from the Caribbean.N. Engl. J. Med., 312 : 647-648.
     
     
146. MacKenzie, W.R., Hoxie, N.J., Proctor, M.E., Gradus, M .S., Blair, K.A., Peterson, D.E., Kazmierczak, J.J., Add iss, D.G., Fox, K .R., Ro se, J.B. et Davis, J.P. (1994) A massive outbreak in Milwaukee of Cryptosporidium infection transmitted through the public water supply. N. Engl. J. Med., 331 : 161-167.
     
     
147. Madore, M.S., Rose, J.B., Gerba, C.P., Arrowood, M .J. et Gerba, C.P. (1987) Occurrence of Cryptosporidium oocysts in sewage effluents and selected surface waters. J. Parasitol., 73 : 702-705.
     
     
148. Mahbubani, M.H., Bej, A.K., Perlin, M.H., Schaefer III, F.W., Jakubowski, W. et Atlas, R.M. (1992) Differentiation of Giardia duodenalis from other Giardia spp. by using polymerase chain reaction and gene probes. J. Clin. Microbiol., 30(1) : 74-78.
     
     
149. Matsue, T., Fujino, T., Kajima, J. et Tsuji, M. (2001) Infectivity and oocyst excretion patterns of Cryptosporidium muris in slightly infected mice. J. Vet. Med. Sci., 63(3) : 319-320.
     
     
150. McCuin, R.M ., Bukhari, Z., Sobrinho, J. et Clancy, J.L. (2001) Recovery of Cryptosporidium oocysts and Giardia cysts from source water concentrates using immunomagnetic separation. J. M icrobiol. Meth., 45(2) : 69-76.
     
     
151. McLauchlin, J., Amar, C., Pedraza-Diaz, S. et Nichols, G.L. (2000) Molecular epidemiological analysis of Cryptosporidium spp. in the United Kingdom: results of genotyping Cryptosporidium spp. in 1,705 fecal samples from humans and 105 fecal sam ples from livestock animals. J. Clin. Microbiol., 38(11) : 3984-3990.
     
     
152. Meeds, D. (1993) Cryptosporidium outbreak in a community swimming pool in British Columbia. Environ. Health Rev., 1993 (Spring) : 4-6.
     
     
153. Meisel, J.L., Perera, D.R., Meligro, C. et Robin, C.E. (1976) Overwhelming watery diarrhoea associated with a Cryptosporidium in an immunosuppressed patient. Gastroenterology, 70 : 1156-1160.
     
     
154. Messner, M.J., Chappell, C.L. et Okhuysen, P.C. (2001) Risk assessment for Cryptosporidium: a hierarchical Bayesian analysis of human dose response data. Water Res., 35 : 3934-3940.
     
     
155. Meyer, E.A. (1994) Giardia as an organism. Dans : Giardia from molecules to disease. Sous la direction de R.C.A. Thompson, J.A. Reynoldson et A.J. Lymbery. CAB International, Cambridge (R.-U.). p. 3-13.
     
     
156. Meyer, E.A. et Jarroll, E.L. (1980) Giardiasis. Am. J. Epidemiol., 111 : 1-12.
     
     
157. Michel, R., Muller, K.D., Amann, R. et Schmid, E.N. (1998) Legionella-like slender rods multiplying within a strain of Acanthamoeba sp. isolated from drinking water. Parasitol. Res., 84(1) : 84-88.
     
     
158. Miller, R.A., Bronsdon, M.A. et M orton, W.R. (1986) Determination of the infectious dose of Cryptosporidium and the influence of inoculum size on disease severity in a primate model. Proc. Annu. Meet. Am. Soc. Microbiol., 72 : 435-442.
     
     
159. Mofidi, A.A., Meyer, E.A., Wallis, P.M., Chou, C.I., Meyer, B.P., Ramalingam, S. et Coffey, B.M. (2002) The effect of U V light on the inactivation of Giardia lamblia and Giardia muris cysts as determined by animal infectivity assay (P-2951-01). WaterRes., 36(8) : 2098-2108.
     
     
160. Mølbak, K., H øjlyng, N., Gottschau, A., Sá, J.C.C., Ingholt, L., da Silva, A.P .J. et Aaby, P. (1993) Cryptosporidiosis in infancy and childhood mortality in Guinea Bissau, West Africa. Br. Med. J., 307 : 417-420.
     
     Haut de la page
     
     
     
161. Moore, A.C., Herwaldt, B.L., Craun, G.F., Calderon, R.L., Highsmith, A.K. et Juranek, D.D. (1993) Surveillance for waterborne disease outbreaks - United States, 1991-1992. Morbid. Mortal. Wkly. Rep., 42 : 1-35.
     
     
162. Morgan, U.M., Constantine, C.C., Forbes, D.A. et Thompson, R.C. (1997) Differentiation between human and animal isolates of Cryptosporidium parvum using rDNA sequencing and direct PCR analysis. J. Parasitol., 83(5) : 825-830.
     
     
163. Moss, D.M. et Arrowood, M.J. (2001) Quantification of Cryptosporidium parvum oocysts in mouse fecal specimens using immunomagnetic particles and two-color flow cytometry. J. Parasitol., 87(2) : 406-412.
     
     
164. Murphy, P.A., Harvey, T. et Rice, G. (2000) Common measures of disease burden, risk trade-offs, and improved environmental health decision-making. Epidemiology, 11(3) : 368-369.
     
     
165. Nash, T.E. (1994) Immunology: the role of the parasite. Dans : Giardia from molecules to disease. Sous la direction de R.C.A. Thompson, J.A. Reynoldson et A.J. Lymbery. CAB International, Cambridge (R.-U.) p. 139-154.
     
     
166. Nash, T.E., Herrington, D.A., Losonsky, G.A. et Levine, M.M. (1987) Experimental human infections with Giardia lamblia . J. Infect. Dis., 156 : 974-984.
     
     
167. Navin, T.R. et Juranek, D.D. (1984) Cryptosporidiosis: clinical, epidemiologic and parasitological review. Rev. Infect. Dis., 6 : 313-327.
     
     
168. Neumann, N.F., Gyurek, L.L., Finch, G .R. et Belosevic, M. (200 0a) Intact Cryptosporidium parvum oocysts isolated after in vitro excystation are infectious to neonatal mice. FEMS Microbiol. Lett., 183 : 331-336.
     
     
169. Neumann, N.F., Gyurek, L.L., Gammie, L., Finch, G .R. et Belosevic, M. (2000b) Comparison of animal infectivity and nucleic acid staining for assessment of Cryptosporidium parvum viability in water. Appl. Environ. Microbiol., 66(1) : 406-412.
     
     
170. Newsome, A.L., Farone, M.B., Berk, S.G. et Gunderson, J.H. (2001) Free living amoebae as opportunistic hosts for intracellular bacterial parasites. J. Eukaryot. Microbiol., Suppl : 13S-14S.
     
     
171. Nigar, S.S., Rahman, H. et Sanyal, S.C. (1987) Cryptosporidium as a pathogen for diarrhoea in Bangladesh. Trop. Geogr. Med., 39 : 265-270.
     
     
172. Nimri, L.F. et B atchoun, R. (1994) Prevalence of Cryptosporidium species in elementary school children. J. Clin. Microbiol., 32 : 1040-1042.
     
     
173. Noordeen, F., Horadagoda, N.U ., Faizal, A.C., Rajapakse, R.P., Razak, M.A. et Arulkanthan, A. (2002) Infectivity of Cryptosporidium parvum isolated from asymptomatic adult goats to mice and goat kids. Vet. Parasitol., 103(3) : 217-225.
     
     
174. O'Donoghue, P.J. (1995) Cryptosporidium and cryptosporidiosis in man and animals. Int. J. Parasitol., 25 : 139-195.
     
     
175. Okhuysen, P.C. et Chappell, C.L. (2002) Cryptosporidium virulence determinants - are we there yet? Int. J. Parasitol., 32 : 517-525.
     
     
176. Okhuysen, P.C., Chap pell, C.L., Serling, C.R., Jakubowski, W. et Dupont, H.L. (1998) Susceptibility and serologic response of healthy adults to reinfection with Cryptosporidium parvum . Infect. Immunol., 66 : 441-443.
     
     
177. Okhuysen, P.C., Chappell, C.L., Crabb, J.H., Sterling, C.R. et DuPont, H.L. (1999) Virulence of three distinct Cryptosporidium parvum isolates for healthy adults. J. Infect. Dis., 180 : 1275-1281.
     
     
178. Okhuysen, P.C., Rich, S.M., Chappell, C.L., Grimes, K.A., Widmer, G., Feng, X. et Tzipori, S. (2002) Infectivity of a Cryptosporidium parvum isolate of cervine origin for healthy adults and interferon-gamma knockout mice. J. Infect. D is., 185(9) : 1320-1325.
     
     
179. Olson, M.E., M orck, D.W . et Ceri, H. (1994) Vaccination against Giardia in domestic kittens. Dans : Giardia from molecules to disease. Sous la direction de R.C.A. Thompson, J.A. Reynoldson et A.J. Lymbery. CAB International, Cambridge (R.-U.). p. 366-367.
     
     
180. Olson, M.E., Thorlakson, C.L., Deselliers, L., Worck, D.W. et McAllister, T.A. (1997) Giardia and Cryptosporidium in Canadian farm animals. Vet. Parasitol., 68 : 375-381.
     
     Haut de la page
     
     
     
181. Ong, C., Moorehead, W., Ross, A. et Isaac-Renton, J. (199 6) Studies of Giardia spp. and Cryptosporidium spp. in two adjacent watersheds. Appl. Environ. Microbiol., 62 : 2798-2805.
     
     
182. Ong, C.S.L., Pearce, M., Eisler, D., Goh, S.H., King, A.S., Bowie, W.R., Isaac-Renton, J.L. et Beard, C.B. (1997) An outbreak of cryptosporidiosis in southeastern British Columbia, Canada. Dans : Proceedings of the 1997 International Symposium on Waterborne Cryptosporidium , 2-5 mars, 1997, Newport Beach, CA.
     
     
183. Ong, C.S., Eisler, D .L., Goh, S.H., Tomblin, J., Awad-El-Kariem, F.M., Beard, C.B., Xiao, L., Sulaiman, I., Lal, A., Fyfe, M ., King, A., Bowie, W.R. et Isaac-Renton, J.L. (1999) Molecular epidemiology of cryptosporidiosis outbreaks and transmission in British Columbia, Canada. Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg., 61(1) : 63-69.
     
     
184. Ong, C.S., Eisler, D.L., Alikhani, A., Fung, V.W., Tomblin, J., Bowie, W.R. et Isaac-Renton, J.L. (2002) Novel Cryptosporidium genotypes in sporadic cryptosporidiosis cases : first report of human infections with a cervine genotype. Emerg. Infect. Dis., 8(3) : 263-268.
     
     
185. Ongerth, J.E. (1989) Giardia cyst concentrations in river water. J. Am. Water Works Assoc., 81 : 81-86.
     
     
186. Ongerth, J.E., Hunter, G.D. et DeWalle, F.B. (1995) Watershed use and Giardia cyst presence. WaterRes., 29 : 1295-1299.
     
     
187. Parker, D.Y., Leonard, M.J., Barber, P., Bonic, G., Jones, W. et Leavell, K.L. (1999) Microfiltration treatment of filter backwash recycle water from a drinking water treatment facility. Dans : Proceedings of the AWWA Water Quality Technology Conference. American Water Works Association, Denver, CO.
     
     
188. Patania, N.L., Jacangelo, J.G., Cummings, L., Wilczak, A., Riley, K. et Oppenheimer, J. (1995) Optimization of filtration for cyst removal. American Water Works Association Research Foundation, Denver, CO.
     
     
189. Payment, P. et Franco, E. (1993) Clostridium perfringens and somatic coliphages as indicators of the efficiency of drinking water treatment for viruses and protozoan cysts. Appl. Environ. Microbiol., 59 : 2418-2424.
     
     
190. Pedraza-D iaz, S., Amar, C.F., McLauchlin, J., N ichols, G .L., Cotton, K.M., Godwin, P., Iversen, A.M., Milne, L., Mulla, J.R., Nye, K., Panigrahl, H., Venn, S.R., Wiggins, R., Williams, M. et Youngs, E.R. (2001a) Cryptosporidium meleagridis from humans: molecular analysis and description of affected patients. J. Infect., 42 : 243-250.
     
     
191. Pedraza-D iaz, S., Amar, C., Iversen, A.M., Stanley, P .J. et McLauchlin, J. (2001b) Unusual Cryptosporidium species recovered from human faeces: first description of Cryptosporidium felis and Cryptosporidium "dog type" from patients in England. J. Med. Microbiol., 50 : 293-296.
     
     
192. Peng, M.M., Xiao, L., Freeman, A.R., Arrowood, M.J., Escalante, A.A., Weltman, A.C., Ong, C.S.L., MacKenzie, W.R., Lal, A.A. et Beard, C.B. (1997) Genetic polymorphism among Cryptosporidium parvum isolates: Evidence of two distinct human transmission cycles. Emerg. Infect. Dis., 3(4) : 567-573.
     
     
193. Perz, J.F., Ennever, F.K. et LeBlancq, S.M. (1998) Cryptosporidium in tap water: Comparison of predicted risks with observed levels of disease. Am. J. Epidemiol., 147 : 289-301.
     
     
194. Pieniazek, N.J., Bornay-Llinares, F.J., Slemenda, S.B., da Silva, A.J., Moura, I.N., Arrowood, M.J., Ditrich, O. et Addiss, D.G. (1999) New Cryptosporidium genotypes in HIV-infected persons. Emerg. Infect. Dis., 5(3) : 444-449.
     
     
195. Regli, S., Rose, J.B., Haas, C.N. et Gerba, C.P. (1991) Modeling the risk from Giardia and viruses in drinking water. J. Am. Water Works Assoc., 83(11) : 76-84.
     
     
196. Rendtorff, R.C. (1978) The experimental transm ission of Giardia lamblia among volunteer subjects. Dans : Waterborne transmission of giardiasis. Sous la direction de W. Jakubowski et J.C. Hoff. EPA 600/9-79-001, EPA des États-Unis, Cincinnati, OH. p. 64-81.
     
     
197. Reynolds, D .T., Slade, R .B., Sykes, N.J., Jonas, A. et Fricker, C .R. (1999) Detection of Cryptosporidium oocysts in water: techniques for generating precise recovery data. J. Appl. Microbiol., 87(6) : 804-813.
     
     
198. Rice, E.W . et Hoff, J.C. (1981) Inactivation of Giardia lamblia cysts by ultraviolet irradiation. Appl. Environ. Microbiol., 42(3) : 546-547.
     
     
199. Rice, E.W. et Schaefer III, F.W. (1981) Improved in vitro excystation procedure for Giardia lamblia cysts. J. Clin. Microbiol., 14 : 709-710.
     
     
200. Rimhanen-Finne, R., Ronkainen, P. et Hanninen, M.L. (2001) Simultaneous detection of Cryptosporidium parvum and Giardia in sewage sludge by IC-PCR. J. Appl. Microbiol., 91(6) : 1030-1035.
     
     Haut de la page
     
     
     
201. Rimhanen-Finne, R., Horman, A., Ronkainen, P. et Hanninen, M.L. (2002) An IC-PCR method for detection of Cryptosporidium and Giardia in natural surface waters in Finland. J. Microbiol. Meth., 50(3) : 299-303.
     
     
202. Rivera, F., Ramirez, E., Bonilla, P., Calderon, A., Gallegos, E., Rodriguez, S., Ortiz, R., Zaldivar, B., Ramirez, P. et Duran, A. (1993) Pathogenic and free-living amoebae isolated from swimming pools and physiotherapy tubs in Mexico. Environ. Res., 62(1) : 43-52.
     
     
203. Roach, P.D., Olson, M.E., Whitley, G. et Wallis, P.M. (1993) Waterborne Giardia cysts and Cryptosporidium oocysts in the Yukon, Canada. Appl. Environ. Microbiol., 59 : 67-73.
     
     
204. Robertson, L.J., Campbell, A.T. et Smith, H.V. (1992) Survival of Cryptosporidium parvum oocysts under various environmental pressures. Appl. Environ. Microbiol., 58 : 3494-3500.
     
     
205. Robertson, L.J., Campbell, A.T. et Smith, H.V. (1998) Viability of Cryptosporidium parvum oocysts: assessment by the dye permeability assay. Appl. Environ. Microbiol., 64(9) : 3544-3545.
     
     
206. Roberts-Thomson, I.C., Stevens, D.P., Mahmoud, A.A.F. et Warren, K.S. (1976) Giardiasis in the mouse: an animal model. Gastroenterology, 71 : 57-61.
     
     
207. Rochelle, P.A., Ferguson, D.M., Handojo, T.J., De Leon, R., Stewart, M.H. et Wolfe, R.L. (1997) An assay combining cell culture with reverse transcriptase PCR to detect and determine the infectivity of waterborne Cryptosporidium parvum . Appl. Environ. Microbiol., 63 : 2029-2037.
     
     
208. Rochelle, P .A., De Leon, R., Johnson, A., Stewart, M .H. et Wolfe, R.L. (1999) Evaluation of immunomagnetic separation for recovery of infectious Cryptosporidium parvum oocysts from environmental samples. Appl. Environ. Microbiol., 65(2) : 841-845.
     
     
209. Rochelle, P.A., Marshall, M.M., Mead, J.R., Johnson, A.M., Korich, D.G., Rosen, J.S. et De Leon, R. (2002) Comparison of in vitro cell culture and a mouse assay for measuring infectivity of Cryptosporidium parvum. Appl. Environ. Microbiol., 68(8) : 3809-3817.
     
     
210. Rohr, U., Weber, S., Michel, R., Selenka, F. et Wilhelm, M. (1998) Comparison of free-living amoebae in hot water systems of hospitals with isolates from moist sanitary areas by identifying genera and determining temperature tolerance. Appl. Environ. Microbiol., 64(5) : 1822-1824.
     
     
211. Rose, J.B., Haas, C.N. et Regli, S. (1991) Risk assessment and contro l of waterborne giardiasis. Am. J. Public Health, 81 : 709-713.
     
     
212. Rushton, P., Place, B.M. et Lightfoot, N.F. (2000) An evaluation of a laser scanning device for the detection of Cryptosporidium parvum in treated water samples. Lett. Appl. Microbiol., 30(4) : 303-307.
     
     
213. Santé Canada (1975-1995) Intoxications alimentaires et maladies d'origine hydrique au Canada : Sommaire annuel. Direction générale de la protection de la santé, Santé Canada, Ottawa (Ontario).
     
     
214. Santé Canada (1993) Principes et techniques de traitement de l'eau. Association canadienne des eaux potables et usées, Ottawa (Ontario).
     
     
215. Santé Canada (2003) Maladies à déclaration obligatoire en direct. Centre de prévention et de lutte contre les maladies infectieuses (http://dsol-smed.hc-sc.gc.ca/dsol-smed/ndis/index_f.html).
     
     
216. Santé Canada (2004) Recommandations pour la q ualité de l'eau po table au Canada - Document d'appui sur la turbidité. Bureau de la qualité de l'eau et de la santé, Direction générale de la santé environnementale et de la sécurité des consommateurs, Santé Canada, Ottawa (Ontario) (sous presse).
     
     
217. Sauch, J.F. (1985) Use of immunofluorescence and phase-contrast microscopy for detection and identification of Giardia cysts in water supplies. Appl. Environ. Microbiol., 50 : 1434-1438.
     
     
218. Seal, D.V. (2000) Contact-lens-associated microbial keratitis in The Netherlands and Scotland. Lancet, 355(9198) : 143-144.
     
     
219. Shin, G.A., Linden, K.G., Arrowood, M.J. et Sobsey, M .D. (2001) Low-pressure UV inactivation and DNA repair potential of Cryptosporidium parvum oocysts. Appl. Environ. Microbiol., 67(7) : 3029-3032.
     
     
220. Slifko, T.R. (1998) Communication personnelle. University of South Florida, St. Petersburg, FL.
     
     Haut de la page
     
     
     
221. Slifko, T.R., Friedman, D., Rose, J.B. et Jakubowski, W. (1997) An in vitro method for detecting infectious Cryptosporidium oocysts with cell culture. Ap pl. Environ. Microbiol., 63 : 3669-3675.
     
     
222. Sluter, S.D., Tzipori, S. et Widmer, G. (1997) Parameters affecting polymerase chain reaction detection of waterborne Cryptosporidium parvum oocysts. Appl. Microbiol. Biotechnol., 48(3) : 325-330.
     
     
223. Smith, H.V. (1990) Environmental aspects of Cryptosporidium species: a review. J. R. Soc. Med., 83 : 629-631.
     
     
224. Smith, H.V. et Rose, J.B. (1990) Waterborne cryptosporidiosis. Parasitol. Today, 6 : 8-12.
     
     
225. Smith, H.V., Parker, J.F.W., Bukhari, Z., Campbell, D.M., Benton, C., Booth, N. et McCreadie, A. (1993) Significance of small numbers of Cryptosporidium sp. oocysts in water. Lancet, 342(8866) : 312-313.
     
     
226. Smith, H.V., Robertson, L.J. et Ongerth, J.E. (1995) Cryptosporidiosis and giardiasis: the impact of waterborne transmission. J. Water Supply Res. Technol. - Aqua, 44(6) : 258-274.
     
     
227. Soave, R. et Johnson, W.D., Jr. (1988) Cryptosporidium and Isospora belli infections. J. Infect. Dis., 157 : 225-229.
     
     
228. Sorvillo, F., Lieb, L.E., Nahlan, B., Miller, J., Mascola, L. et Ash, L.R. (1994) Municipal drinking water and cryptosporidiosis among persons with AIDS in Los Angeles County. Epidemiol. Infect., 113 : 313-320.
     
     
229. Sous-comité fédéral-provincial sur l'eau potable (1998). Communications personnelles. Santé Canada, Ottawa (Ontario).
     
     
230. Spano, F., Putignani, L., Crisanti, A., Sallicandro, P., Morgan, U.M., Le Blancq, S.M., Tchack, L., Tzipori, S. et Widmer, G. (1998) Multilocus genotypic analysis of Cryptosporidium parvum isolates from different hosts and geographical origins. J. Clin. Microbiol., 36(11) : 3255-3259.
     
     
231. Spaulding, J.J., Pacha, R.E. et Clark, G.W. (1983) Quantitation of Giardia cysts by membrane filtration. J. Clin. Microbiol., 18 : 713-715.
     
     
232. Stachan, R. et Kunstýr, I. (1983) Minimal infectious doses and prepatent periods in Giardia muris, Spironucleus muris and Trichomonas muris . Zentralbl. Bakteriol. Hyg. A, 256 : 249-256.
     
     
233. States, S., Scheuring, M ., Buzza, E., Evans, R. et Movahead, B. (1999) Removal of Cryptosporidium by membrane filtration. Dans : Proceedings of the AWWA Water Quality Technology Conference. American Water Works Association, Denver, CO.
     
     
234. Stehr-Green, J.K ., McCaig, L., Rem sen, H.M., Rains, C .S., Fox, M. et Juranek, D.D. (1987) Shedding of oo cysts in immunocompetent individuals infected with Cryptosporidium. Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg., 36 : 338-342.
     
     
235. Steinert, M., Birkness, K., White, E., Fields, B. et Quinn, F. (1998) Mycobacterium avium bacilli grow saprozoically in coculture with Acanthamoeba polyphaga and survive within cyst walls. Appl. Environ. Microbiol., 64(6) : 2256-2261.
     
     
236. Stinear, T., Matusan, A., Hines, K. et Sandery, M. (1996) Detection of a single viable Cryptosporidium parvum oocyst in environmental water concentrates by reverse transcription-PCR. Appl. Environ. Microbiol., 62(9) : 3385-3390.
     
     
237. Sturbaum, G.D., Klonicki, P.T., M arshall, M.M ., Jost, B.H., Clay, B.L. et Sterling, C.R. (2002) Immunomagnetic separation (IMS)-fluorescent antibody detection and IMS-PCR detection of seeded Cryptosporidium parvum oocysts in natural waters and their limitations. Appl. Environ. Microbiol., 68(6) : 2991-2996.
     
     
238. Sulaiman, I.M., Xiao, L., Yang, C., Escalante, L., Moore, A., Beard, C.B., Arrowood, M.J. et Lal, A.A. (1998) Differentiating human from animal isolates of Cryptosporidium parvum. Emerg. Infect. Dis., 4(4) : 681-685.
     
     
239. Svedhem, V., Lebbad, M., Hedkvist, B., Del Aguila, C., Hedman, P., Larsson, R., Navajas, R. et Aust-Kettis, A. (2002) Disseminated infection with encephalitozoon intestinalis in AIDS patients : report of 2 cases. Scand. J. Infect. Dis., 34(9) : 703-705.
     
     
240. Taylor, J.S. et Weisner, M. (1999) Membranes. Dans : Water quality and treatment. Sous la direction de R.D. Letterman. McGraw Hill, New York, NY. p. 11.1-11.71.
     
     Haut de la page
     
     
     
241. Teunis, P.F.M., Medema, G.J., Kruidenier, L. et Havelaar, A.H. (1997) Assessment of the risk of infection by Cryptosporidium or Giardia in drinking water from a surface water source. Water Res., 31 : 1333-1346.
     
     
242. Tiangtip, R. et Jongwutiwes, S. (2002) Molecular analysis of Cryptosporidium species isolated from HIV-infected patients in Thailand. Trop. Med. Int. Health, 7 : 357-364.
     
     
243. Tibayrenc, M. (1993) Entamoeba, Giardia and toxoplasma: clones or cryptic species?Parasitol. Today, 9 : 102-105.
     
     
244. Tyzzer, E.E. (1907) A sporozoan found in the peptic glands of the common mouse.Proc. Soc. Exp. Biol. Med., 5 : 12-13.
     
     
245. Tyzzer, E.E. (1912) Cryptosporidium parvum (sp. nov.): a coccidian found in the small intestine of the common mouse. Arch. Protistenk., 26 : 394-418.
     
     
246. Tzipori, S. (1983) Cryptosporidiosis in animals and humans. Microbiol. Rev., 47 : 84-96.
     
     
247. UMA Engineering Ltd., Hyperion Research Ltd., et Eddie Doyle and Associates (1993) Water treatment manual - the removal and inactivation of Giardia and Cryptosporidium. Western Canada W ater and Wastewater Association, Calgary (Alberta).
     
     
248. Ungar, B.L.P. (1990) Cryptosporidiosis in humans (Homo sapiens). Dans : Cryptosporidiosis of man and animals. Sous la direction de J.P. Dubey, C.A. Speer et R. Fayer. CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL.
     
     
249. Ungar, B.L.P. (1994) Cryptosporidium and cryptosporidiosis. Dans : Textbook of AIDS medicine. Chap. 21. Williams and Wilkins, Baltimore, MD.
     
     
250. Upton, S.J. et Current, W .L. (1985) The species of Cryptosporidium (Apicomplexa: Cryptosporidiidae). J. Parasitol., 71 : 624-629.
     
     
251. Vesaluoma, M., Kalso , S., Jokipii, L., Warhurst, D., Ponka, A. et Tervo, T. (1995) Microbiological quality in Finnish public swimming pools and whirlpools with special reference to free living amoebae: a risk factor for contact lens wearers? Br. J. Ophthalmol., 79(2) : 178-181.
     
     
252. Vesey, G., Griffiths, K.R., Gauci, M .R., Deere, D ., Williams, K.L. et Veal, D.A. (1997) Simple and rapid measurement of Cryptosporidium excystation using flow cytometry.Int. J. Parasitol., 27(11) : 1353-1359.
     
     
253. Vesey, G., Ashbolt, N., Fricker, E .J., Deere, D., Williams, K.L., Veal, D.A. et Dorsch, M . (1998) The use of a ribosomal RNA targeted oligonucleotide probe for fluorescent lab elling of viable Cryptosporidium parvum oocysts. J. Appl. Microbiol., 85(3) : 429-440.
     
     
254. von Huben, H. (1991) Surface water treatment: the new rules. American Water Works Association, Denver, CO. 87 p.
     
     
255. Wallis, P.M . (1994) Abiotic transmission - Is water really significant? Dans : Giardia from molecules to disease. Sous la direction de R.C.A. Thompson, J.A. Reynoldson et A.J. Lymbery. CAB International, Cambridge (R.-U.). p. 99-122.
     
     
256. Wallis, P.M . et Buchanan-Mappin, J.M . (1984) Detection of Giardia cysts at low concentrations in water using Nuclepore membranes. Water Res., 19 : 331-334.
     
     
257. Wallis, P.M ., Isaac-Renton, J.L., Erlandsen, S.L. et Olson, M.E. (1995) Risk assessment for waterborne giardiasis and cryptosporidiosis in Canada. Rapport non publié à Santé Canada.
     
     
258. Wallis, P.M., Erlandsen, S.L., Isaac-Renton, J.L., Olson, M.E., Robertson, W.J. et van Keulen, H. (1996) Prevalence of Giardia cysts and Cryptosporidium oocysts and characterization of Giardia spp. isolated from drinking water in Canada. Appl. Environ. Microbiol., 62(8) : 2789-2797.
     
     
259. Wallis, P.M., Primrose, B. et Robertson, W.J. (1998) Outbreak of waterborne giardiasis caused by sewage contamination of drinking water. Environ. Health Rev., 42(2) : 44-51.
     
     
260. Ward, P .I., Dep lazes, P., Regli, W., Rinder, H. et Mathis, A. (2002) Detection of eight Cryptosporidium genotypes in surface and waste waters in Europe. Parasitology, 124(Pt. 4) : 359-368.
     
     Haut de la page
     
     
     
261. Weir, S.C., Pokorny, N.J., Carreno, R.A., Trevors, J.T. et Lee, H. (2001) Improving the rate of infectivity of Cryptosporidium parvum oocysts in cell culture using centrifugation. J. Parasitol., 87(6) : 1502-1504.
     
     
262. Welker, R., Porter, R., Pett, W.B., Provart, M.R., Schwartz, M. et Kauri, T. (1996) Cryptosporidiosis outbreak in Kitchener-Waterloo: identification, assessment and future prevention. Dans : Actes de la Sixième Conférence nationale sur l'eau potable, Victoria (C.-B.), octobre 1994. American Water Works Association, Denver, CO.
     
     
263. Widmer, G. (1998) Genetic heterogeneity and PCR detection of Cryptosporidium parvum. Adv. Parasitol., 40 : 223-239.
     
     
264. Widmer, G., Tzipori, S., Fichtenbaum, C.J. et Griffiths, J.K. (1998) Genotypic and phenotypic characterization of Cryptosporidium parvum isolates from people with AIDS. J. Infect. Dis., 178(3) : 834-840.
     
     
265. Wolfe, M .S. (1984) Symptomatology, diagnosis and treatment. Dans : Giardia and giardiasis: biology, pathogenesis and epidemiology. Sous la direction de S.L. Erlandsen et E.A. Meyer. Plenum Press, New York, NY. p. 147-161.
     
     
266. Xiao, L. et Lal, A. (2002) Molecular detection and differentiation of Cryptosporidium oocysts in water: the challenge and promise. Dans : Proceedings of the AWWA Water Quality Technology Conference, Seattle, WA. American Water Works Association, Denver, CO.
     
     
267. Xiao, L., Bern, C., Limor, J., Sulaiman, I., Roberts, J., Checkley, W., Cabrera, L.,Gilman, R.H. et Lal, A.A. (2001) Identification of 5 types of Cryptosporidium parasites in children in Lima, Peru. J. Infect. Dis., 183(3) : 492-497.
     
     
268. Yagita, K., Izumiyama, S., Tachibana, H., Masuda, G., Iseki, M., Furuya, K., Kameoka, Y., Kuroki, T., Itagaki, T. et Endo, T. (2001) Molecular characterization of Cryptosporidium isolates obtained from human and bovine infections in Japan. Parasitol. Res., 87 : 950-955.
     
     
269. Yakub, G.P. et Stadterman-Knauer, K.L. (2000) Evaluation of immunomagnetic separation for recovery of Cryptosporidium parvum and Giardia duodenalis from high-iron matrices. Appl. Environ. Microbiol., 66(8) : 3628-3631.
     
     
270. Yeung, E.Y., Huang, S.C. et Tsai, R.J. (2002) Acanthamoeba keratitis presenting as dendritic keratitis in a soft contact lens wearer. Chang Gung Med. J., 25(3) : 201-206.
     
     
271. Zu, S.-X., Zhu, S.-Y. et Li, J.-F. (1992) Human cryptosporidiosis in China.Trans. R. Soc. Trop. Med. Hyg., 86 : 639-640.