Research, disease surveillance, and associated science and technology development serve core functions in the multi-barrier approach. Like other elements, all levels of government-in collaboration with universities, institutes, the water industry and other research networks-should be involved in this function. For example, there is a growing need to better integrate existing and future water quality monitoring (source and drinking) with waterborne disease surveillance. This integration is requisite to a full understanding of the relationship between source water quality, drinking water quality, and the ultimate health outcomes and benefits of a multi-barrier approach.