Guidelines for Canadian Drinking Water Quality: Guideline Technical Document: Trihalomethanes

May 2006

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Table of Contents

• Addendum - April 2009

• 1.0 Guidelines
  • Trihalomethanes
  • Bromodichloromethane
  • Other Considerations
• 2.0 Executive summary
  • 2.1 Health effects
  • 2.2 Exposure
  • 2.3 Treatment
• 3.0 Application of the guidelines
  • 3.1 Monitoring
• 4.0 Identity, use and sources in the environment
  • 4.1 Formation of THMs during disinfection
• 5.0 Exposure
  • 5.1 Water
  • 5.2 Multi-route exposure through drinking water
  • 5.3 Food and beverages
  • 5.4 Consumer products
  • 5.5 Swimming pools and hot tubs
  • 5.6 Estimates of total exposure to chloroform
• 6.0 Analytical methods
• 7.0 Treatment technology
  • 7.1 Municipal-scale
    • 7.1.1 Removal of precursors prior to municipal disinfection
    • 7.1.2 Alternative municipal disinfection strategies
  • 7.2 Residential scale
    • 7.2.1 Filtration devices
    • 7.2.2 Alternative residential disinfection strategies
• 8.0 Kinetics and metabolism
  • 8.1 Absorption
    • 8.1.1 Chloroform
  • 8.2 Distribution
    • 8.2.1 Chloroform
    • 8.2.2 Brominated trihalomethanes
  • 8.3 Metabolism
    • 8.3.1 Chloroform
    • 8.3.2 Brominated
    • 8.3.3 Mixtures of THMs
  • 8.4 Excretion
    • 8.4.1 Chloroform
    • 8.4.2 Bromodichloromethane
  • 8.5 PBPK models
    • 8.5.1 Chloroform
    • 8.5.2 Bromodichloromethane
• 9.0 Effects in humans
  • 9.1 Cancer epidemiology
  • 9.2 Reproductive epidemiology
• 10.0 Effects on experimental animals and in vitro
  • 10.1 Acute toxicity
  • 10.2 Subchronic toxicity
    • 10.2.1 Trihalomethanes
    • 10.2.2 Chloroform
    • 10.2.3 Bromodichloromethane
    • 10.2.4 Dibromochloromethane
    • 10.2.5 Bromoform
  • 10.3 Genotoxicity
    • 10.3.1 Trihalomethanes
    • 10.3.2 Chloroform
    • 10.3.3 Bromodichloromethane
    • 10.3.4 Dibromochloromethane
    • 10.3.5 Bromoform
  • 10.4 Chronic toxicity/carcinogenicity
    • 10.4.1 Chloroform
    • 10.4.2 Mechanism of carcinogenicity for chloroform
    • 10.4.3 Bromodichloromethane
    • 10.4.4 Dibromochloromethane
    • 10.4.5 Bromoform
  • 10.5 Reproductive and developmental toxicity
    • 10.5.1 Trihalomethanes
    • 10.5.2 Chloroform
    • 10.5.3 Bromodichloromethane
    • 10.5.4 Dibromochloromethane
    • 10.5.5 Bromoform
  • 10.6 Neurotoxicity
• 11.0 Classification and assessment
  • 11.1 Trihalomethanes (chloroform)
  • 11.2 Bromodichloromethane
  • 11.3 Dibromochloromethane
  • 11.4 Bromoform
• 12.0 Rationale
  • 12.1 Trihalomethanes (chloroform)
  • 12.2 Bromodichloromethane
• 13.0 References
• Appendix A: List of acronyms