Literature Review

Evaluation Strategies in Aboriginal Substance Abuse Programs: A Discussion

Endnotes

1. Royal Commission on Aboriginal Peoples, 1996. Final Report: Volume III Gathering Strength, page 166.
2. Kramer, J.M. and G.R. Weller, 1989. North American native health: A comparison between Canada and the United States. Lakehead Centre for Northern Studies Research Report Series No. 6.
3. See note 1, page 197.
4. See note 1, page 198.
5. See note 1.
6. Scott, Kim. 1994. "Substance abuse among Indigenous Canadians." In Aboriginal Substance Abuse: Research Issues - Proceedings of a Joint Research Advisory Meeting. Edited by D. McKenzie. Canadian Centre for Substance Abuse (Ottawa).
7. See note 1, page 157.
8. See note 6.
9. Federation of Saskatchewan Indian Nations. 1984. Alcohol and Drug Abuse Among Treaty Indians in Saskatchewan: Needs Assessment and Recommendations for Change.
10. Gfellner, B.M. and J.D. Hundelby. "Family and peer predictors of substance use among Aboriginal and non-Aboriginal Adolescents." The Canadian Journal of Native Studies. Vol X, No. 2, pp. 267-294.
11. Scott, Kim. n.d. Indigenous Canadians: Substance Abuse Profile 1995. Prepared for the Kisht Anaquot Health Research and Program Development, for the National Native Alcohol and Drug Abuse Program.
12. Rogers, D.D and N. Abas. 1988. "A survey of native mental health needs in Manitoba." Arctic Medical Research, Vol 47(suppl 1), pp. 576-80.
13. Statistics Canada. 1993. Language, Health and Lifestyle Issues: 1991 Aboriginal Peoples Survey, catalogue number 89-533. (Ottawa: Statistics Canada).
14. Adrian, M., N. Payne, and R.T. Williams. 1991. "Estimating the effect of native Indian population on county alcohol consumption: The example of Ontario." International Journal of the Addictions. Vol 2, No. 5A and 6A, page 731-65.
15. See note 1, page 159 - 60 (Table 3.10).
16. Yukon Government, 1991. Yukon Alcohol and Drug Survey. Volume 1: Technical Report. (Whitehorse: Yukon Government Executive Council Office, Bureau of Statistics).
17. Santé Québec. 1994. A Health Profile of the Cree. Report of the Santé Québec Survey of the James Bay Cree, ed. Carole Daveluy et al. (Montreal: Santé Québec).
18. See note 9.
19. Health and Welfare Canada. 1989. Health Promotion in the Northwest Territories. (Ottawa: Health and Welfare Canada).
20. Northwest Territories Bureau of Statistics. 1996. 1996 NWT Alcohol and Drug Survey: Rates of use for alcohol, other drugs and tobacco. Report #1.
21. See note 13.
22. See note 19.
23. See note 20.
24. Gfellner, B.M and J.D. Hundleby. 1995. "Patterns of drug use among native and white adolescents: 1990-1993." Canadian Journal of Public Health, March-April, pp. 95-97.
25. See note 9.
26. Unpublished report by Layne, N. 1987. Solvent use/abuse Among the Canadian Registered Indian and Inuit Population. An Overview Paper. National Native Alcohol and Drug Abuse Program.
27. See note 24.
28. See note 9.
29. See note 20.
30. National Association of Friendship Centres. 1985. Urban Research Project, Phase I and II, Alcohol, Drug and Solvent Abuse.
31. See note 11.
32. Kaweionnehta Human Resource Group. n.d. First Nations and Inuit Community Solvent Abuse Survey - Updated July 1994.
33. See note 30, page 34.
34. The information on mortality from the MSB database described in this section is extracted from: Lemchuk-Favel, Laurel. 1993. Trends in First Nations Mortality 1979 - 1983., Health Canada. (Ottawa: Minister of Supply and Services)
35. see Scott, K (note 6) for a bibliography on the research supporting a correlation between substance abuse and violent death.
36. See note 16.
37. Single, E., L. Robson and K. Scott. 1996. Morbidity and Mortality Related to Alcohol, Tobacco and Illicit Drug Use Among Indigenous People in Canada. Canadian Centre on Substance Abuse for the National Native and Alcohol Drug Abuse Program.
38. Fiddler, S. 1985. Suicides, Violent and Accidental Deaths Among Treaty Indians in Saskatchewan: Analysis and Recommendations for Change. (Regina: Federation of Saskatchewan Indians).
39. Szabo, E.L. 1990. A Study of Mortality Related to Alcohol Use among the Status Indian Population of Saskatchewan. Presented at the 8^th International Congress on Circumpolar Health, Whitehorse, Yukon, May 20-25.
40. See note 1, pages 132 and 323 (endnote 62).
41. Robinson, G.C., R.W. Armstrong, I. Brendle-Moczuk and C.A. Loock. 1992. "Knowledge of fetal alcohol syndrome among native Indians" Canadian Journal of Public Health, Vol 83, No. 5, pp. 337-338.
42. Burd, L. and M.E. Moffatt. 1994. "Epidemiology of fetal alcohol syndrome in American Indians, Alaskan Natives and Canadian Aboriginal Peoples: A Review of the Literature." Public Health Reports. Vol 109, No. 5, pp .688-693.
43. See note 37, Table 13.
44. Adrian, M. n.d. Statistics on Alcohol and Drug Use in Canada and other Countries, Volume 1: Statistics on Alcohol Use - Data Available by 1988. (Toronto: Addiction Research Foundation).
45. See note 6.
46. See note 11.
47. Medical Services Branch Steering Committee on Native Mental Health. 1991. Statistical Profile on Native Mental Health: Background report #1. (Ottawa: Health Canada).
48. Correctional Service of Canada. 1994. Native Offender Substance Abuse Assessment: The Computerized Lifestyle Assessment Instrument. Correctional Research and Development. (Ottawa: Correctional Service of Canada)
49. Health Canada 1991. Agenda for First Nations and Inuit Mental Health. Report of the Steering Committee on First Nations and Inuit Mental Health. (Ottawa: Health Canada).
50. Jorgenson, Ron. 1987. Trust the Process: Naturalistic Evaluation. Nechi Institute.
51. Health and Welfare Canada. n.d. A Handbook for First Nations on Evaluating Health Programs. (Ottawa: Minister of Supply and Services).
52. The scientific literature is full of contradictory evidence regarding the effect of various factors, such as age or mental health on the outcome of treatment. The reader is referred to the following for a thorough review of mainly American non-Aboriginal studies on this topic: Round Lake Treatment Centre. 1992. Research on Native Adolescents and Substance Abuse. The Next Generation Native Adolescent Substance Abuse Project.
53. Round Lake Treatment Centre. 1996. Client Outcome Study: Final Report.
54. Correctional of Canada. 1992. Creating an Informed Eclecticism: Understanding and Implementing Effective Programs: A Focus on Substance Abuse. (Ottawa: Correctional Service of Canada).
55. ibid.
56. ibid.
57. Race, K.E., D.F. Hotch and T. Packer. "Rehabilitation program evaluation: Use of focus groups to empower clients." Evaluation Review. Vol 18, Nol 6, ppp. 730-740.
58. See note 50.
59. Glen Murray Ltd. 1996. Solvent Abuse Treatment Outcome Evaluation Study. For Medical Services Branch, Health Canada.
60. The length of stay (and percent abstinence) for the other programs were 193 days (40.9%), 181 days (42.9%) and 72 days (45.2%).
61. Socio-Tech Consulting Services. 1994. Addictions Intervention Needs of First Nations: 1994 and Beyond. Prepared for the National Native Alcohol and Drug Abuse Program (NNADAP), Saskatchewan Region.
62. ARA Consulting Group Inc. National Accreditation Program for NNADAP Funded Addiction Treatment Centres. Prepared for the NNADAP National Accreditation Program, Health Canada.
63. Linklater, C. 1991. Follow-up and After-Care Manual. National Native Alcohol and Drug Abuse Program, Health Canada.
64. ibid.
65. Marlatt, G.A. and W. H. Gordon (editors). 1985. Relapse Prevention. New York: Guildford Press. pp.7-8.
66. Swinomish Tribal Mental Health. 1991. A Gathering of Wisdoms, Tribal Mental Health - A Cultural Perspective. Extracted and summarized by the Round Lake Treatment Centre. 1992. Research on Native Adolescents and Substance Abuse. The Next Generation Native Adolescent Substance Abuse Project.
67. Erickson, P.G. 1992. "Implications of harm reduction for substance abuse problems of Native people." in Aboriginal Substance Use: Research Issues - Proceedings of a Joint Research Advisory Meeting. Canadian Center on Substance Abuse and National Native Alcohol and Drug Abuse Program.
68. Single, Eric.1994 Cost Considerations and Intervention Strategies. Presentation at public forum on "Managing the Social and Health Costs of Alcohol and Other Drugs." Foothills Hospital, Calgary, May 10.
69. Round Lake Treatment Centre . 1992. Research on Native Adolescents and Substance Abuse. The Next Generation Native Adolescent Substance Abuse Project
70. See note 68.
71. ibid.
72. Schinke, S., G. Botvin, and M. Orlandi. 1991. Substance Abuse in Children and Adolescents. Sage Publications.
73. Moskowitz, J. M. 1989. "The primary prevention of alcohol programs: A critical review of the research literature" Journal of Studies on Alcohol. Vol 50, pp. 50, 54-58.
74. See note 61.
75. ibid.
76. ibid.
77. Round Lake Treatment Centre. 1994. A Demonstration Project to Test a Community Based Solvent Abuse Intervention Model. The Next Generation Solvent Abuse Community Intervention and Resource Project.
78. Peterson, P.L., J.D. Hawkins, and R.F. Catalano. 1992. "Evaluating comprehensive community drug risk reduction interactions: Design challenges and recommendations.". Evaluation Review. Vol 16, pp. 579-602.
79. See note 61.
80. The reader is directed to the following literature review for the primary research references that have supported the conclusions provided in this section. The conclusions are those expressed in the literature review and not those of the author of this paper. Correctional Service of Canada.n.d. Literature Review: Substance Abuse Treatment Modalities. Web page address: http://198.103.98.138/crd/reports.
81. See note 61.
82. Wong, J. 1994. Strength of the Spirit. A Community Effort in the Treatment and Prevention of Drug Abuse. Prepared for the Alexis Health Centre.
83. Information on the Selkirk Healing Centre was obtained from their Internet site (www.native.org/program/html) and from personal communication with the assistant executive director of the Centre.
84. Final Report of the Okunongegayin Demonstration Project. 1993. Anishinaabeg Medical Professionals and the Lake of the Woods District Hospital, Kenora, Ontario.
85. Nechi Institute on Alcoholism and Drug Education. 1987. O'Chiese Information Package. Guidelines for Community Sobriety.
86. RPM Planning Associates Limited. 1988. Assessment of the O'Chiese Community Rehabilitation Program. Submitted to O'Chiese Reserve, Poundmaker's Lodge and Nechi Institute.
87. Four Worlds Development International. 1992. Mobile Treatment in Three Northern Saskatchewan Communities: Beauval, Pinehouse and Cumberland House. Report prepared by the Four Worlds Health Promotion Program.
88. Information on the Ka-Na-Chi-Hih Centre was obtained through a written progam description received from personnel at the Centre.
89. Cardoza, E. 1991. Treatment for Adolescent Substance Abusers. Report submitted to the Canadian Centre on Substance Abuse.
90. Henley, T. 1989. Rediscovery: Ancient Pathways - New Directions. Western Canada Wilderness Committee.
91. Rehm, J. H. Ross, G. Walsh. 1997 Alternative methods of measuring outcomes in monitoring systems. Presentation at the Symposium on Monitoring Outcomes for Substance Abuse Treatment Systems, Toronto. February 19-20.
92. Mercier, C. and M. Landry. 1997 Clients' perceptions of the results of their treatment as outcome indicators. Presentation at the Symposium on Monitoring Outcomes for Substance Abuse Treatment Systems, Toronto. February 19-20.
93. Dyer, A. and Jansen, Z. 1997. Outcome monitoring in AADAC: Development, current practices and emerging issues. Presentation at the Symposium on Monitoring Outcomes for Substance Abuse Treatment Systems, Toronto. February 19-20.
94. Ibid.
95. Glaser, F. 1997. "So - what happened? The crucial importance of outcome determination. Presentation at the Symposium on Monitoring Outcomes for Substance Abuse Treatment Systems, Toronto. February 19-20.
96. Simpson. D. 1997. Drug abuse treatment retention and process effects on follow-up outcomes. - outcomes. Presentation at the Symposium on Monitoring Outcomes for Substance Abuse Treatment Systems, Toronto. February 19-20.
97. Maffli, E. 1997. Multicentre Outcome assessment 7 years after inpatient alcoholism treatment in German-speaking Switzerland. Presentation at the Symposium on Monitoring Outcomes for Substance Abuse Treatment Systems, Toronto. February 19-20.
98. French, M.T. 1995 "Economic evaluation of drug abuse treatment programs: Methodology and findings." American Journal of Drug and Alcohol Abuse. Vol 21, No. 1, pp. 111-135.