Holiday Food Safety

It's Your Health

On this page:

• The Issue
• Background
• Health Effects
• Minimizing Your Risks
• The Government of Canada's Role
• Need More Info?

The Issue

Food is an important part of many holiday celebrations. You can help reduce the risk of  foodborne illness for your family and friends during the holiday season by following some basic food safety tips.

Background

Foodborne illness ("food poisoning") is caused by eating food contaminated with certain bacteria, viruses or parasites. Examples of disease-causing organisms include Salmonella,  E. coli and Listeria monocytogenes. These bacteria are sometimes found in or on the following:

• raw and undercooked meat, poultry, fish and their juices
• the surfaces of and/or in the juices of raw fruits and vegetables
• unpasteurized (raw) milk and (raw) milk products, like raw milk, soft and semi-soft cheeses
• raw and lightly cooked eggs

Since these foods are often part of the menu at many holiday meals and parties (e.g., cheese, fruit and vegetable platters, seafood, turkey, tourtière, baked goods, eggnog and cider), it is a good idea to take extra care when preparing, cooking, serving and storing food during the holiday season.

Health Effects

The most common symptoms of  food poisoning are stomach cramps, nausea, vomiting, diarrhea and fever.

Most people recover completely from foodborne illness, but some groups are at greater risk of serious health effects, like kidney problems and even death. The groups at greater risk are young children, the elderly, pregnant women and people with weakened immune systems.

Minimizing Your Risks

General Food Safety Tips

There are four basic steps you should always follow to help reduce the risk of foodborne illness:

Clean: Wash hands, contact surfaces (like kitchen counters) and utensils often to avoid the spread of bacteria.

• Wash your hands with soap and warm water for at least 20 seconds before and after handling food, and after using the bathroom, changing diapers or touching pets.
• Always wash fresh fruits and vegetables with clean, running water that is safe to drink.

Separate: Keep raw foods separate from cooked and ready-to-eat foods to avoid cross-contamination.

• Ideally, use two cutting boards, one for raw meat, poultry and seafood, and one for washed fresh produce and ready-to-eat foods.
• Never place cooked food back on the same plate or cutting board that previously held raw food, unless it has been washed with soap and warm water.

Cook: Make sure you kill harmful bacteria by cooking foods to the proper internal temperature.

• Use an instant-read digital thermometer and cook to these temperatures:
  • 85°C (185°F) for whole poultry
  • 74°C (165°F) for stuffing, casseroles, leftovers, egg dishes, ground turkey and ground chicken, including sausages containing poultry meat
  • 71°C  (160°F) for pork chops, ribs and roasts, and for ground beef, ground pork and ground veal, including sausages
  • at least 63°C (145°F) for all whole muscle beef and veal cuts, like steaks and roasts

  When you think the food is almost ready, remove it from the heat source and insert the thermometer in the thickest part of the food, away from bone, fat or gristle. Keep cooking if the proper temperature has not been reached.

• Be sure to wash the thermometer or any utensils that are used on raw or partially cooked foods in between temperature checks.
• Eat hot foods while they are still hot.

Chill: Keep cold foods cold. Bacteria can grow rapidly when food is allowed to sit in the so-called danger zone: between 4°C (40°F) and 60°C (140°F).

• Eat cold foods while they are still cold.
• Remove bones from large pieces of meat or poultry and divide them into smaller portions before storing.
• Throw out perishable food that has been allowed to sit at room temperature for more than two hours. You cannot tell whether food is contaminated with surface bacteria by the way it looks, smells or tastes. When in doubt, throw it out!

Additional Food Safety Tips for Holiday Situations

Baked goods

Raw eggs can contain  Salmonella bacteria, so you should not eat uncooked cookie dough, batters or frostings made with raw fresh eggs. Remember, young children are at greater risk for foodborne illness, so they should not be allowed to "lick the spoon" if the dough, batter or frosting contains any raw egg ingredients. Make sure your baked goods are cooked thoroughly.

Eggnog

Store-bought eggnog is pasteurized and does not require heating to kill harmful bacteria.  If you are making eggnog at home, you should:

• use pasteurized egg and milk ingredients, which are available at many grocery stores, or
• heat the egg-milk mixture to at least 71°C (160°F) and then refrigerate in small amounts using shallow containers so it will cool quickly

Fruit juices and ciders

If you are making drinks with fresh fruit juices or cider, check the label to see if the product has been pasteurized. If the juice or cider is not pasteurized or if you are uncertain, you can minimize risks by boiling the product to make sure it is safe for everyone.

Oysters and seafood

Some people enjoy certain raw seafood items, like oysters and sushi during their holiday festivities. However, raw seafood may carry bacteria, parasites or viruses that can cause food poisoning. People who are more vulnerable to the risks of foodborne illness, such as older adults, pregnant women, young children and people with weakened immune systems, should avoid eating raw or undercooked fish and seafood.

Stuffing

Cook stuffing separately in the oven in its own dish, or on the stove top, to a minimum internal temperature of 74ºC (165ºF). If you choose to stuff your turkey, stuff it loosely just before roasting, and remove all stuffing right after cooking.

Foods stored in oil

Home-prepared products in oil, like herbs, garlic or peppers, are popular as gift items during the holiday season. However, for foods like this to be safe and healthy, they must be prepared and stored properly.

• If home-prepared products in oil are made using fresh ingredients (e.g., fresh herbs, peppers, garlic, etc.), the products should be:
  • refrigerated immediately after being made
  • discarded if stored for more than one week
• However, if all ingredients added to the oil are dehydrated (e.g., dried herbs and spices), the product can be stored safely at room temperature.
• If you receive a home-prepared gift like this and are not able to find out when and how it was made and stored, it is safer to throw the product out.

For commercially-prepared foods stored in oil, check the label. If the list of ingredients includes salt and/or acids, these products have been preserved and do not present a risk of food poisoning, as long as you follow directions for storage (e.g., refrigerate after opening and between each use).

Holiday buffets

If you are serving food buffet-style, use warming trays, chafing dishes or crock pots to keep hot foods hot. Keep cold foods cold by putting serving trays on crushed ice. If food remains at room temperature for more than two hours, throw it away.

Also, do not add new food to serving dishes that are already in use. Instead, use a clean platter or serving dish each time you re-stock the buffet.

Provide serving spoons and tongs for every dish served. Even finger foods like cut vegetables, candies, chips, nachos and nuts should have serving tools to prevent contamination between guests.

Travelling with food

As always, keep hot foods hot (at or above 60°C / 140°F) and cold foods cold (at or below 4°C / 40°F). Transport hot food in insulated containers with hot packs or wrapped in foil and heavy towels. Transport cold food in a cooler with ice or freezer packs.

Leftovers

• Refrigerate all leftovers promptly in uncovered, shallow containers so they cool quickly. Refrigerate once steaming stops and leave the lid off or wrap loosely until the food is cooled to refrigerator temperature.
• Store turkey meat separately from stuffing and gravy.
• Use refrigerated leftovers within two to three days or freeze right away for later use.
• Avoid overstocking the refrigerator, so that cool air can circulate effectively.
• Reheat solid leftovers, such as turkey and potatoes, to at least 74°C (165°F). Bring gravy to a full, rolling boil and stir a few times while reheating.

The Government of Canada's Role

The Government of Canada is committed to  food safety.

Health Canada sets policies and standards for the safety and nutritional quality of all food sold in Canada.  The Canadian Food Inspection Agency (CFIA) enforces these policies and standards, and makes sure that necessary warnings are released quickly to Canadians.

As a founding member of the Canadian  Partnership for Consumer Food Safety Education, Health Canada also participates in public awareness campaigns about safe food practices.

Need More Info?

For more information visit the following websites:

• It's Your Health, Garlic-in-Oil
• It's Your Health, Let's Talk Turkey
• It's Your Health, Salmonella Prevention
• It's Your Health, Unpasteurized Fruit Juice and Cider
• It's Your Health, Listeria and Food Safety
• It's Your Health, How to Avoid Illness from Hamburgers
• For more Food and Nutrition It's Your Health articles

For more information on Food Safety visit the following websites:

• Government of Canada's  Food Safety Portal
• Partnership for Food Safety Education  Be Food Safe website

For safety information about food, health and consumer products visit the Safe Consumers website

For more articles on health and safety issues go to the It's Your Health web section

You can also call toll free at 1-866-225-0709 or TTY at 1-800-267-1245*

Updated: December 2010
Original: November 2004
©Her Majesty the Queen in Right of Canada, represented by the Minister of Health, 2010